Recent Advances in Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity Mechanisms and Its Molecular Pathophysiology

Table 1

A brief summary of some phenomena, mechanisms, or fundamental concepts with studies from humans or from rodents.

Phenomena or mechanisms	Model	Reference
METH and HIV-1	Human astrocytes	[16–19]
Excessive dopamine	Humans, rodents	[20–24]
UPS dysfunction	Rodents	[25–29]
Protein nitration	Human, rodents	[30, 31]
ERS	Rodents	[15, 32, 33]
Expression p53	PC12 cells	[34–36]
Inflammatory molecular	Rodents	[37–40]
D3 receptor	Rodents	[41]
Microtubule deacetylation	Endothelial cells	[42]
Minocycline	Human, rodents	[43–47]
Parkin	Rodents	[14]
Endocannabinoid system	Rodents	[21]
Cytokine	Rodents	[39, 48]
Cholecystokinin-8	Rodents	[49]
ROCK2 gene therapy	PC12 cells	[50, 51]