Research Article
Counterfactual Thinking in Tourette’s Syndrome: A Study Using Three Measures
Table 1
Demographic, clinical, and neuropsychological data of TS patients (
) and healthy controls (
). Data are expressed as mean (SD).
| Factors | TS patients () | Controls () | | M (SD) | | M (SD) | |
| Age (years) | 33.9 (11.7) | 48 | 30.5 (9.3) | 46 | 0.12 | Gender (female/male) | 14/34 | 48 | 14/32 | 46 | 0.93 | Education (years) | 10.9 (3,2) | 48 | 10.9 (3.3) | 46 | 0.90 | Right/left-handed | 43/5 | 48 | 40/6 | 46 | 0.74 | Onset of the disease (years) | 8.3 (4.4) | 45 | | | | DBS (yes/not) | 10/38 | 48 | | | | YGTSS (total score) | 36.9 (24.7) | 48 | | | | DEX-S (total score) | 24.9 (14.8) | 47 | cut off >18 | [30]* | | MMSE (total score) | 28.2 (1.6) | 48 | cut off 23.80 | [27]* | | Verbal fluency (total score) | 27.2 (8.9) | 48 | cut off >17 |
[29]* | | FAB (total score) | 15.3 (1.4) | 48 | cut off >13.50 | [28]* | |
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95% of normal subjects scored above the cut-off.
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