Proanthocyanidins against Oxidative Stress: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications

Figure 2

PCs control OS-related diseases via mediating several molecular targets and signaling pathways. PCs effectively suppress OS through repairing DNA damage, preventing lipid peroxidation, and modulating signaling pathways (e.g., Nrf2, MAPKs, NF-kB pathways) and, further, treat OS-related diseases like cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic diseases, skin disorders, and cancer. means “to promote or enhance”; means “to inhibit or suppress.”