Review Article

Proanthocyanidins against Oxidative Stress: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications

Figure 1

The stereochemical structure and forms of PCs. X represents the universal structure of flavan-3-ol units in PCs; Y indicates that the subunit is part of a constituent monomer; Z represents the basic structure of OPCs and PPCs. Z1 combines repeatedly with Z2 to form polymeric PCs.