Hemodynamic Instability during Dialysis: The Potential Role of Intradialytic Exercise

Figure 3

Effects of haemodynamic instability during haemodialysis and mode of action of current therapeutic interventions, and the potential role of intradialytic exercise. HD: haemodialysis, MAP: mean arterial pressure, LV: left ventricular, RWMA: regional wall motion abnormalities, and CKD: chronic kidney disease.