Study details Sample details Methods CFU Outcome Ref Placebo controlled RCT = 24 (i) Probiotic (L. johnsonii ) La1 (NCC533) = 12 (ii) Placebo (nonprobiotic) = 12ELISA, C-reactive protein test, PHAGOTEST, faecal microbiota enumeration 109 CFU/day/12 weeks Daily consumption of L. johnsonii La1 (NCC533) may contribute to suppressing infections by improving nutritional and immunological status [19 ] RCT = 209 (i) Probiotic group: B. longum 2C (DSM 14579) = 56, (ii) DSM 14583 = 46 (iii) Placebo group = 67 (iv) Control group = 86qPCR, ELISA and faecal microbiota enumeration 109 CFU/day/6 months Bifidobacterium levels in the in microbiota may be associated with change of cytokine levels [20 ] Comparative analysis = 84 (i) Adults = 20, age 25 to 40 years; (ii) Elderly = 22, age 63 to 76 years; (iii) Centenarians = 21, age 99 to 104 years.Tract Chip (HITChip), qPCR, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, ELISA and Flow cytometry The proportion of centenarians showing a high inflammation score was significantly higher than in the other age groups, confirming the inflamm-ageing hypothesis [6 ] RCT = 45 (i) B. longum BB536 = 23 (ii) Placebo (Dextrin) = 22RT-PCR, ELISA, T-RFLPs 5 × 1010 /day/12 weeks The potential of long-term ingestion of BB536 in increasing the cell number of bifidobacteria in intestinal microbiota and modulating immune function [21 ] Investigative RCT = 33 (Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (BC30))FISH, Gas chromatography and Flow cytometry 1 × 109 /day/28 days The dietary inclusion of probiotics such as BC30 may provide a beneficial option for enhancing markers of GI health comparison with placebo [22 ]