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| Antifatigue functions of mushrooms | Detailed mechanisms |
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| Muscular function improvement | (i) Inhibits production and accelerate clearance of lactic acid;
(ii) Increases glycogen storage in liver and muscle;
(iii) Reduces blood urea nitrogen from protein breakdown;
(iv) Increases lactate dehydrogenase activity;
(v) Promotes the expression of skeletal muscle key metabolic regulators of AMPK, PGC-1α, and PPAR-δ;
(vi) Stimulates the expression of lactate monocarboxylate transporter and glucose transporter. |
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| Antioxidant function | (i) Scavenges DPPH, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, and nitric oxide;
(ii) Inhibits lipid peroxidation;
(iii) Stimulates antioxidant enzymes of SOD, GSH-Px, catalase, and glutathione reductase. |
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| Cardiovascular function improvement | (i) Vasodilation in areas that need blood supply increase. |
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| Immunomodulation enhancement | (i) Activates macrophages to engulf foreign invaders;
(ii) Increases T helper cells to control and regulate other immune cells;
(iii) Increases T helper: T suppressor cells to enhance immune system activity;
(iv) Increases natural kill cells activity to identify and remove foreign invaders;
(v) Improves cytokines expression to regulate cellular communication and immune response in infective sites. |
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| Hormone regulation improvement | (i) Balances testosterone level to improve muscle development. |
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| Hepatic function improvement | (i) Increases energy state by increasing ATP to Pi ratio;
(ii) Increases liver blood flow;
(iii) Promotes liver protein and RNA synthesis. |
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| Blood glucose regulation improvement | (i) Increases circulating insulin to reduce glucose back to normal;
(ii) Increases relevant enzyme activities including glucokinase, hexokinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to increase glucose metabolic rate. |
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