Review Article

Evaluation of Mobile Phone and Cordless Phone Use and Glioma Risk Using the Bradford Hill Viewpoints from 1965 on Association or Causation

Table 2

Strength. Numbers of cases (Ca), controls (Co), and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for glioma in case-control studies in the highest category of cumulative use in hours for mobile phone use.

Ca/CoOR95% CI

Interphone 2010
Cumulative use ≥ 1,640 h210/1541.401.03–1.89
Coureau et al. 2014
Cumulative use ≥ 896 h24/222.891.41–5.93
Hardell and Carlberg 2015
Cumulative use ≥ 1,640 h211/3012.131.61–2.82
Turner et al. 2016 (Interphone)
Cumulative use ≥ 1,640 h59/462.821.09–7.32
Meta-analysis
Cumulative use ≥ 1,640 h445/4771.901.31–2.76

Based on Interphone [2], Coureau et al. [39], and Hardell and Carlberg [38].
896 h used for Coureau et al.
Random-effects model used for all meta-analyses, based on test for heterogeneity in the overall group (“all mobile”).