Patient Payment and Unhealthy Behavior: A Comparison across European Countries

Table 5

Per-country analysis for outpatient out-of-pocket payments.

Country	AT	BE	CH	CZ	DE	DK	ES	FR	GR	IT	NL	PL	SE
	OR	OR	OR	OR	OR	OR	OR	OR	OR	OR	OR	OR	OR
Service use (0 = no; 1 = yes)
Current smoker			0.84				0.87	0.77	0.98		0.80		0.82
Former smoker	1.23	0.93	1.01	1.12	1.17	1.06	1.31	1.08		1.15		0.84
Light alcohol consumption	1.36	1.20	0.75	0.83		0.91		1.24		1.09	1.06		0.90
Heavy alcohol consumption	1.96	0.84		0.54		0.96	0.84			1.04	0.91		1.17
Preobese	0.97	1.06	0.85	1.26	1.01	1.00	0.99		1.00	1.22	0.90		0.85
Obese	0.84	1.04		1.04	1.07	1.35	0.72	1.59	0.87	1.09	1.02
Payments (0 = no; 1 = yes)
Current smoker		1.03	1.31	0.89	1.15		1.16	1.24	0.98	0.92			0.89
Former smoker	0.77		1.09	1.25	1.15	1.05	1.38	1.05	0.90		0.84		0.82
Light alcohol consumption	0.81	0.86				1.22	1.00	1.27	0.93			1.23	1.28
Heavy alcohol consumption	0.73			1.48	1.06	1.07	0.93	0.90		1.17		1.22	2.16
Preobese	1.01		1.11	0.82	1.06		1.14	1.02	1.04	0.92	0.89
Obese	1.04		0.86		0.96			0.92	0.96		0.98	0.96	1.13
High payments (0 = no; 1 = yes)
Current smoker	0.87	0.88	0.94	1.93	0.79	1.18	1.26	0.80	1.20	1.06	0.84	1.07	1.22
Former smoker	1.29	0.88	1.09	1.43	1.07		2.09	1.17	1.11	0.87	1.08	0.90	1.16
Light alcohol consumption	1.33	0.92			1.14	0.78	0.98	0.82	0.86	1.08	1.04	—	1.12
Heavy alcohol consumption	0.36	1.18	0.82	3.12	1.09	0.81	2.79	1.12	1.08	0.66	1.49	—	1.11
Preobese	0.92	0.91			0.94	0.99	1.33	0.89	1.19	1.00	1.23	2.21	1.11
Obese	0.87	0.93			1.27	1.10	1.61					0.99	0.96

Significant at 1% level, significant at 5% level, and significant at 10% level.
AT, Austria; BE, Belgium; CH, Switzerland; CZ, Czech Republic; DE, Germany; DK, Denmark; ES, Spain; FR, France; GR, Greece; IT, Italy; NL, Netherlands; PL, Poland; SE, Sweden.