Patient Payment and Unhealthy Behavior: A Comparison across European Countries

Table 4

Two part model for prescribed drug out-of-pocket payments.

	First part: logit; Either paid or not			Second part: log transformation; The amount of OOP (log)
	OR	95% CI		Coeff	95% CI
		L	U		L	U
Daily smoking
Current smoker	0.81	0.75	0.87	0.00
Former smoker	1.04	0.97	1.11	0.06
Alcohol consumption
Not excessive alcohol use	1.04	0.97	1.11	−0.21
Excessive alcohol use	0.95	0.85	1.08	−0.26
BMI
Preobese	1.10	1.04	1.17	0.02
Obese	1.08	1.00	1.17	0.07
Age	1.00	1.00	1.01	0.01
Female	1.33	1.25	1.41	0.03
Living with partner	0.94	0.90	0.98	−0.02
Years of education	1.03	1.03	1.04	0.01
Willingness to take financial risk
Substantial financial risk	1.27	0.93	1.73	0.05
Above average financial risk	1.18	1.01	1.37
The average financial risk	1.24	1.13	1.36
Not willing to take any risk	1.15	1.08	1.23
Household size	0.94	0.91	0.97
Annual household net income
1th quartile	0.91	0.83	0.99
2th quartile	1.01	0.93	1.09
3th quartile	1.09	1.01	1.17
Household net asset
1th quartile	1.05	0.97	1.14
2th quartile	1.10	1.02	1.19
3th quartile	1.07	0.99	1.15
Self-perceived health	1.92	1.80	2.05
Number of chronic diseases	1.47	1.42	1.51
Number of symptoms	1.12	1.10	1.14
Country dummies
Austria	31.19	25.48	38.18
Belgium	31.70	27.21	36.93
Czech republic	21.46	18.44	24.98
Denmark	14.80	12.75	17.18
Germany	16.23	13.98	18.85
Greece	18.80	16.24	21.75
France	2.30	1.99	2.66
Italy	12.92	11.16	14.95
Poland	22.80	19.39	26.81
Spain	2.17	1.85	2.55
Sweden	22.21	19.05	25.90
Switzerland	9.12	7.75	10.73	0.75	0.62	0.88
Constant				2.90	2.70	3.10

With reference to Netherlands.
Significant at 1% level, significant at 5% level, and significant at 10% level.