Patient Payment and Unhealthy Behavior: A Comparison across European Countries

Table 3

Results of sequential logit for inpatient out-of-pocket payment.

	Either used or not			Either paid or not			Either paid high or low amount
	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI
		L	U		L	U		L	U
Daily smoking
Current	1.01	0.91	1.12	0.85	0.65	1.11	1.06	0.77	1.44
Former	1.37	1.27	1.49	0.94	0.76	1.16	1.03	0.82	1.30
Alcohol consumption
Not excessive alcohol use	0.70	0.65	0.76	1.14	0.94	1.38	0.93	0.74	1.17
Excessive alcohol use	0.53	0.45	0.62	1.38	0.90	2.13	1.04	0.63	1.72
Body mass index
Preobese	0.88	0.82	0.95	0.99	0.82	1.21	0.95	0.77	1.19
Obese	0.90	0.82	0.99	0.86	0.68	1.09	0.93	0.71	1.23
Age	1.01	1.01	1.01	1.00	0.99	1.01	1.01	1.00	1.02
Female	0.78	0.73	0.85	0.99	0.81	1.21	0.84	0.68	1.04
Living with partner	1.02	0.97	1.07	0.99	0.86	1.12	1.00	0.86	1.17
Years of education	1.01	1.00	1.02	1.03	1.00	1.06	0.98	0.96	1.01
Willingness to take financial risk
Substantial financial risk	0.77	0.49	1.21	3.58	1.11	11.56	0.52	0.14	1.86
Above average financial risk	1.00	0.81	1.24	1.21	0.59	2.48	1.22	0.72	2.06
The average financial risk	0.99	0.87	1.11	1.27	0.93	1.75	1.02	0.71	1.45
Not willing to take any risk	0.98	0.90	1.07	1.14	0.92	1.42	0.79	0.62	1.01
Household size	0.97	0.94	1.01	1.01	0.91	1.12	1.11	0.95	1.29
Annual household net income
1th quartile	0.95	0.84	1.06	1.02	0.76	1.38	0.90	0.64	1.26
2th quartile	0.99	0.90	1.10	1.16	0.88	1.52	0.73	0.53	0.99
3th quartile	1.05	0.95	1.16	1.29	0.99	1.67	0.81	0.60	1.09
Household net asset
1th quartile	0.98	0.89	1.09	0.92	0.71	1.20	0.93	0.69	1.26
2th quartile	0.92	0.83	1.02	1.07	0.82	1.39	0.83	0.62	1.11
3th quartile	0.90	0.82	1.00	1.00	0.77	1.30	0.82	0.61	1.11
Self-perceived health	2.09	1.88	2.32	1.01	0.76	1.35	1.10	0.82	1.49
Number of chronic diseases	1.22	1.19	1.26	1.01	0.94	1.08	1.08	1.00	1.17
Number of symptoms	1.17	1.15	1.20	1.05	1.00	1.10	0.99	0.94	1.04
Country dummies
Austria	2.45	2.01	3.00	78.60	40.63	152.05	0.84	0.25	2.77
Belgium	1.36	1.15	1.60	90.02	48.24	168.00	0.81	0.25	2.62
Czech republic	1.18	0.99	1.39	1.81	0.91	3.60	0.94	0.24	3.66
Denmark	1.23	1.03	1.48	0.25	0.08	0.80	2.19	0.17	28.10
France	1.14	0.96	1.35	9.15	4.92	17.04	0.97	0.29	3.27
Germany	1.41	1.19	1.68	82.51	43.81	155.41	0.92	0.28	2.98
Greece	0.57	0.47	0.69	33.01	17.26	63.14	1.01	0.30	3.42
Italy	1.02	0.86	1.21	2.93	1.50	5.74	0.69	0.19	2.55
Poland	1.01	0.85	1.21	2.46	1.25	4.87	0.67	0.18	2.55
Spain	0.93	0.77	1.13	2.19	1.03	4.66	0.80	0.19	3.42
Sweden	1.12	0.93	1.34	354.04	168.46	744.08	0.79	0.24	2.58
Switzerland	1.40	1.13	1.73	35.77	18.48	69.24	0.90	0.27	3.05

With reference to Netherlands.
Significant at 1% level, significant at 5% level, and significant at 10% level.