Research Article

Patient Payment and Unhealthy Behavior: A Comparison across European Countries

Table 2

Results of sequential logit for outpatient out-of-pocket payment.

Either used or not Either paid or not Either paid high or low amount
OR 95% CIOR 95% CIOR 95% CI
LULULU

Daily smoking
Current smoker0.720.660.790.930.861.011.010.901.14
Former smoker1.151.051.261.070.991.151.101.0021.21
Alcohol consumption
Not excessive alcohol use0.970.891.061.171.091.260.940.841.04
Excessive alcohol use0.730.630.851.020.901.171.020.841.24
Body mass index
Preobese1.060.981.151.020.951.090.980.891.07
Obese0.980.881.090.930.851.011.030.911.15
Age1.011.011.010.990.991.001.001.001.01
Female1.361.261.471.171.101.261.111.021.22
Living with partner0.940.891.000.950.911.001.030.961.10
Years of education1.021.011.031.031.021.041.031.021.04
Willingness to take financial risk
Substantial financial risk1.170.811.710.860.601.221.220.771.93
Above average financial risk1.251.031.501.381.131.681.160.961.40
The average financial risk1.120.991.261.331.201.471.211.061.38
Not willing to take any risk1.040.951.131.050.971.131.000.901.10
Household size0.910.880.950.950.920.990.980.931.04
Annual household net income
1th quartile0.800.710.890.960.871.060.800.690.91
2th quartile0.990.891.101.131.031.240.850.760.96
3th quartile1.080.981.191.060.971.150.910.811.01
Household net asset
1th quartile0.880.790.980.840.760.920.870.760.98
2th quartile0.970.881.070.930.851.010.910.811.02
3th quartile0.970.881.071.020.941.110.990.881.10
Self-perceived health1.601.481.731.070.991.161.351.231.49
Number of chronic diseases1.971.872.071.000.971.031.141.091.18
Number of symptoms1.271.231.321.021.001.041.101.071.13
Country dummies
Austria1.881.482.380.810.651.011.380.912.08
Belgium2.872.403.447.186.268.241.010.801.26
Czech republic2.291.922.740.440.370.520.880.631.23
Denmark1.110.951.302.271.962.631.100.851.42
France3.983.254.870.690.590.810.940.701.26
Germany2.221.862.666.885.967.942.131.682.70
Greece1.060.911.235.474.746.321.180.931.51
Italy1.571.331.853.022.613.481.050.821.35
Poland0.650.550.760.390.310.471.070.721.60
Spain1.651.371.990.600.490.731.290.891.89
Sweden0.810.700.9558.5491.011.000.801.26
Switzerland1.501.251.809.608.1011.371.270.991.64

With reference to Netherlands.
Significant at 1% level, significant at 5% level, and significant at 10% level.