Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis and Bovine Leukemia Virus Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Commercial Dairy and Beef Cattle in Northern and Northeastern China

Table 2

Bivariate analysis for the herd-level seropositivity of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in commercial dairy and beef farms in northern and northeastern China.

Variables	Number of the sampled	MAP		BLV
		Number of positive cattle (%)		Number of positive cattle (%)
Region
Heilongjiang	19	2 (10.53)	0.673	4 (21.05)	0.930
Jilin	24	4 (16.67)		4 (16.67)
Liaoning	21	6 (28.57)		5 (23.81)
Hebei	27	6 (22.22)		7 (25.93)
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region	22	5 (22.73)		4 (18.18)
Herd size
Small (50–100)	52	9 (17.31)	0.024	8 (15.38)	0.002
Medium (100–150)	46	7 (15.22)		6 (13.04)
Large (>150)	15	7 (46.67)		8 (53.33)
Mixed farming
Yes	33	7 (21.21)	0.884	8 (24.24)	0.616
No	80	16 (20.00)		16 (20.00)
Methods of cleaning
Not practiced	13	6 (46.15)	0.038	7 (53.85)	0.007
Sweeping	39	8 (20.51)		8 (20.51)
Water hosing	61	9 (14.75)		9 (14.75)
Source of water
Well	41	11 (26.83)	0.197	13 (31.70)	0.040
Tap water	72	12 (16.67)		11 (15.28)
Management system
Intensive	35	4 (11.43)	0.227	3 (8.57)	0.036
Semi-intensive	46	10 (21.74)		10 (21.74)
Extensive	32	9 (28.13)		11 (34.38)
Presence of other animals
No	76	15 (19.74)	0.815	16 (21.05)	0.945
Yes	37	8 (21.62)		8 (21.62)
Presence of cattle introduced from other farms
No	81	14 (17.28)	0.197	13 (16.05)	0.032
Yes	32	9 (28.13)		11 (34.38)
Type of production
Beef	26	3 (11.54)	0.245	5 (19.23)	0.161
Milk	72	15 (20.83)		13 (18.06)
Mixed	15	5 (33.33)		6 (40.00)
Veterinary service
No	43	11 (25.58)	0.279	14 (32.56)	0.021
Yes	70	12 (17.14)		10 (14.29)