|
| | Sample type and location | Zn (mg/kg) range (mean) | Cu (mg/kg) range (mean) | Fe (mg/kg) range (mean) | Mn (mg/kg) range (mean) | Cd (mg/kg) range (mean) | Cr (mg/kg) range (mean) | Ni (mg/kg) range (mean) | Pb (mg/kg) range (mean) | As (mg/kg) range (mean) | Ref. |
|
| A | Soil/dust | | | | | | | | | | |
| | EU (6 < pH < 7) | 150–300 | 50–140 | — | — | 1–3 | 100–150 | 30–75 | 50–300 | — | [64] |
| | USA | 1400 | 750 | — | — | 20 | 1500 | 210 | 150 | — | |
| | (soil on which sewage sludge is applied) | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | Soil, Hattar Industrial Estate, KPK () | 0.02–49.64 (2.61) | — | 0.78–196 (15.02) | 0.02–7
(1.21) | 0.02–1.4 (0.17) | 0.240–34.06 (5.96) | 0.02–18.4 (1.51) | 0.02–23.02 (4.46) | — | [65] |
| 2 | Soil near tannery effluent, Peshawar, KPK () | 0.23–8.42
(2.381) | — | 0.11–87.10
(18.03) | 0.43–9.68
(5.29) | 0.14–1.0
(0.60) | 0.81–100.2
(29.9) | 1.02–9.72
(4.45) | 2.27–8.43
(4.66) | — | [66] |
| 3 | Soil amended with sewage sludge, Hyderabad, Sindh () (wet acid digestion method) | (208.6 ± 6.5) | (32.2 ± 1.52) | — | — | (4.3 ± 0.41) | (34.6 ± 2.1) | (6.2 ± 0.48) | (67.4 ± 4.0) | — | [67] |
| 4 | Soil from Islamabad capital territory () | 69.20–115
(91.05) | 20–30
(25) | — | — | 5.8–6.1
(5.95) | — | 30–38
(32) | 40–90
(62.5) | — | [68] |
| Islamabad expressway dust | 64.3–169
(116) | 30–80
(52) | | | 4.5–6.8
(5.0) | | 10–30
(23) | 60–150
(104) | | |
| 5 | Soil, Punjab () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7–35
(11.08) | [69] |
| 6 | Soil from South East of Sindh () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8.7–46.2 | [70] |
| 7 | Soil along motorway (M-2) (3 regions and 2 zones) () | (81.40) | — | — | — | (0.46) | (14.61) | (14.19) | (0.5) | — | [71] |
| 8 | Soil, Jhanjar valley, Punjab () | 56–136 (97.5) | — | — | — | — | 12–67 (34.29) | 15–81 (31.93) | 3–24
(14.86) | — | [72] |
| 9 | Soil, Gilgit area, North Pakistan () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Kondas | (590) | (147) | | | | (1.0) | (52) | (35) | | [73] |
| Dainyor | (1193) | (99) | | | | (0.85) | (31) | (36) | | |
| Nagirl | (172) | (55) | | | | (0.3) | (36) | (43) | | |
| Jageer Baseen | (210) | (72) | | | | (0.75) | (57) | (29) | | |
| Naltar | (460) | (71) | | | | (2.3) | (24) | (138) | | |
| 10 | Soil, industrial zone of Islamabad | 61.9–172.6 | 8.9–357.4 | — | — | — | [74] | 41.4–59.3 | 2.0–29.0 | — | [75] |
| 11 | Soil at livestock experimental station, Khizerabad, district Sargodha, Punjab | — | — | — | — | — | 0.006-0.007 | — | — | — | [76] |
| 12 | Soil along the N-5 national highway near various cities (Lahore, Multan, Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan, Ubauro, Sukkur, Moro, Hyderabad, Karachi) () | 13.83–180
(56.72) | 5.26–26.88
(12.98) | 2.70–7.98 (3.96) | 117.6–309
(174.09) | 0.56–1.25
(0.84) | — | 5.96–13.23 (8.82) | 12.3–176 (36.46) | — | [77] |
13 | Soil, Pb–Zn sulfide horizon/mineralized site, Kohistan region, North Pakistan | —
— | —
— | —
— | —
— | —
— | —
— | —
— | —
— | — |
[74] |
| Contaminated Pazang site | 95–1072
(361) | 31–412
(193) | 12715–63815
(25080) | 465–5735
(2437) | 0.6–5.0
(2.0) | 42–756
(146) | 64–318
(99) | 12–1337
(117) | | |
| Reference Pazang site | 24–179
(115) | 23–114
(68) | 1200–23225
(14645) | 14–702
(471) | 0.4–3.2
(1.3) | 60–409
(252) | 51–253 (158) | 23–81
(51) | | |
| Contaminated Lahore site | 213–29755
(5123) | 111–345
(205) | 17250–51750
(26960) | 266–15420
(5779) | 0.4–184
(20) | 92–850
(439) | 18–324
(172) | 5–10300
(1753) | | |
| Reference Lahore site | 86–410
(202) | 25–79
(48) | 5840–13905 (10958) | 269–1048
(636) | 1.8–3.4
(2.8) | 123–154
(139) | 26–48
(35) | 23–97
(70) | | |
| 14 | Soil collected from 40 different localities around Peshawar, KPK | — | — | — | — | 0.02–0.37
(0.24) | 0.04–1.92
(0.35) | 0.02–1.11
(0.65) | 0.02–7.52
(2.58) | — | [78] |
|
| | Sediments | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | Coastal area, Karachi, Sindh | | | | | | | | | | |
| Buleji | (0.101) | (0.010) |
(5.064) | (5.550) | (0.007) | (0.040) | (0.034) | (0.088) | | [15] |
| Paradise point | (0.035) | (0.013) | (7.410) | (4.950) | (0.014) | (0.027) | (0.038) | (0.070) | | |
| Nathia Gali | (0.041) | (0.013) | (7.790) | (5.060) | (0.006) | (0.024) | (0.030) | (0.059) | | |
| 2 | Manchar lake, Sindh () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 11.3–55.8 | [70] |
| 3 | River Ravi, Punjab () | — | 3.38–159.79 | — | — | 0.99–3.17 | 4.60–57.40 | — | — | — | [79] |
| 4 | Coastal sediments of the Arabian sea along the urban Karachi, Sindh (9 locations) () | 3.31–389.23 | 62.95–272 | 0.55–6.47
(3.51) | 318–1.15 | 0.01–24.34 | 2.95–180.90 | 7.48–74.91 | 6.33–121.03 | — | [80] |
| 5 | Surface sediments in Karachi coastal sites, Sindh | 15.6–666
(204.79) | — | — | 300–1300
(500) | — | 12.0–319
(96.75) | 1.53–58.9
(31.39) | 9.0–49.5
(23.24) | — | [81] |
| | Particulate matter (μg/m
3) | | | | | | | | | | |
| | WHO | — | — | — | 0.15 | 0.005 | — | — | 0.5 | — | [82] |
| 1 | Islamabad, Station 1 () and Station 2 () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.004–4.07 (4.07)
0.016–4.0 (3.98) | — | [83] |
| 2 | Islamabad, urban site () and rural site () | 0.003–2.350 (0.567)
0.011–1.790 (0.666) | — | 0.037–2.950 (0.667)
0.002–1.990 (0.573) | 0.011–0.314 (0.056)
0.002–0.400 (0.066) | 0.002–0.007 (0.003)
0.001–0.017 (0.002) | 0.001–0.398 (0.036)
0.001–0.042 (0.008) | 0.001–0.064 (0.008)
0.001–0.065 (0.004) | 0.003–4.0 (0.163)
0.002–4.075 (0.327) | | [84] |
| 3 | Urban areas of Islamabad () | 0.02–2.07
(1.021) | — | 0.03–5.97
(1.761) | 0.008–0.08 (0.055) | 0.001–0.01 (0.004) | 0.002–0.08 (0.018) | 0.006–0.15 (0.017) | 0.013–0.36
(0.128) | — | [85] |
| 4 | Urban atmosphere, Islamabad () | 0.022–8.62 (1.702) | — | 0.24–6.218 (2.073) | 0.005–0.37 (0.073) | 0.001–0.019 (0.004) | 0.002–0.08 (0.018) | 0.002–0.08 (0.018) | 0.002–0.89 (0.182) | — | [86] |
| 5 | Ambient air particulate matter, Lahore, Punjab | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.23–2.23 | [87] |
| 6 | Particulate Matter in urban atmosphere of Islamabad () | 0.022–13.2
(2.311) | 0.023–7.51
(0.306) | 0.088–11.2
(2.464) | 0.005–0.52
(0.079) | 0.001–0.019
(0.004) | 0.001–0.08
(0.010) | 0.002–0.13
(0.024) | 0.005–0.89
(0.144) | — | [88] |
| 7 | Atmosphere of Lahore, Punjab | (10) | (0.012) | (1.7) | (0.44) | (0.069) | (0.012) | (0.0044) | (3.6) | — | [89] |
| PM2.5 | (11) | (0.003) | (8.2) | (2.1) | (0.07) | (0.0014) | (0.018) | (4.4) | | |
| PM10 | | | | | | | | | | |
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