|
| S. number | Sample type and location (water) | Zn (mg/L) range
(mean) | Cu (mg/L) range (mean) | Fe (mg/L) range (mean) | Mn (mg/L) range (mean) | Cd (mg/L) range (mean) | Cr (mg/L) range (mean) | Ni (mg/L) range (mean) | Pb (mg/L) range (mean) | As (mg/L) range (mean) | Ref. |
|
| A | Ground water | | | | | | | | | | |
| | NSDWQ-Pak (drinking water) | 5.0 | 2.0 | — | 0.5 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.05 | [19] |
| | WHO (drinking water) | — | 2.0 | — | — | 0.003 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.01 | [20] |
| 1 | Zhob River basin, Balochistan.
Open & deep well water | 0.03–0.75 | 0.07–0.25 | 0.5–1.1 | 0.06–0.25 | — | 0.06–0.35 | — | 0.02–0.06 | — | [21] |
| 2 | Kalalanwala area near Lahore, Punjab (shallow tube wells ) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.02–1.889 | [22] |
| 3 | Tube well water, Hasan Abdal, Punjab | (0.009) | (0.02) | (0.07) | (0.02) | (0.001) | (0.04) | (0.03) | (0.03) | — | [23] |
| 4 | Kalalanwala, Punjab () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.032–1.90 | [24] |
| 5 | Well water, villages near Kalalanwala, Punjab () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.001–2.40 (123) | [25] |
| 6 | Well water, Multan district, Punjab () | — | — | 0.07–2.7 | 0.06–1.0 | — | — | — | — | 0.06–1.0 | [26] |
| Well water, district Muzaffargarh, Punjab () | | | 0.0–1.65 | 0.0–0.69 | | | | | 0.0–0.40 | |
| 7 | Well water from residential area, Kasur, Punjab () | 0.01–1.08 | — | 0.02–11.8
(2.57) | 0.01–0.17 | 0.001–0.027 | 0.05–9.80
(2.12) | 0.001–0.24 | 0.003–0.26 | — | [27] |
| 8 | Eight districts of Punjab ( = 4547) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.006–0.012 (0.0085) | [28] |
| 9 | Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab ( = 32) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.001–0.029 | [29] |
| 10 | Sialkot, Punjab () | 0–0.81 (0.16) | 0.01–0.17 (0.06) | 0–0.83 (0.30) | 0–0.09
(0.03) | — | 0–0.30 (0.03) | 0.01–0.22 (0.10) | 0.11–0.81 (0.49) | — | [30] |
| 11 | Urban areas of Lahore, Punjab | — | — | 0.01–2.32 (0.77) | — | — | — | — | 0–0.007
(0.002) | 0.024–0.0716 (0.036) | [31] |
| 12 | Sunken tube-wells, Kahna, Lahore, Punjab | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (0.071) | [32] |
| 13 | Shallow wells in the vicinity of Palosi, Peshawar, KPK ( = 13) | 0.047–0.34 | 0.26–0.34 | 0.0–0.30 | 0.071–0.21 | 0.0–0.04 | — | 0.0–0.68 | 0.27–0.38 | — | [33] |
| Deep wells in the vicinity of Palosi drain Peshawar ( = 3) | 0.0–0.082 | 0.558–0.598 | 0.46–0.99 | 0.0–0.306 | 0.0–0.056 | — | 0.0–0.52 | 0.0–0.49 | — | |
| 14 | Well water, Charsadda and Risalpur, KPK ( = 8) | 0.002–0.27 | 0.004–0.67 | 0.01–0.43 | 0.08–2.56 | 0.01–0.07 | 0.01–0.30 | 0.002–3.66 | 0.02–0.73 | — | [10] |
| Well water, Korangi, Karachi, Sindh ( = 8) | 0.04–0.52 | 0.01–0.21 | 0.51–2.39 | 0.07–0.12 | 0.02–0.04 | 0.003–0.07 | 0.01–2.19 | 0.10–0.24 | | |
| 15 | Tap water, Industrial Estate, Hattar, KPK | 0.050 | 0.030 | 0.50 | 0.15 | — | — | — | 0.001 | — | [34] |
| 16 | Tube well and dug well, Hayatabad Industrial Estate, Peshawar, KPK | (0.10) | (0.36) | (0.08) | (0.12) | (0.03) | (0.09) | (0.88) | (0.66) | — | [11] |
| 17 | Water near tannery effluent (), Peshawar, KPK | 0.001–0.559 (0.131) | — | 0.003–1.097 (0.143) | 0.001–0.740 (0.087) | 0.003–0.043 (0.014) | 0.012–0.145 (0.089) | 0.004–0.454 (0.136) | 0.004–0.407 (0.080) | — | [35] |
| 18 | Hattar Industrial Estate, KPK () | 0.007–1.340 (0.18) | — | 0.005–1.070 (0.110) | 0.004–0.18 (0.04) |
0.001–0.21 (0.02) | 0.010–0.940 (0.22) | 0.009–0.585 (0.08) | 0.001–2.34 (0.26) | — | [36] |
| 19 | Drinking water, Peshawar industrial area, KPK, Polluted area | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.004–0.059 | [37] |
| Control area | | | | | | | | | 0.009–0.038 | |
| 20 | Hand pump, Khairpur/Matiari, Sindh () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (0.25) | [38] |
| 21 | Tube well water, Korangi, Karachi, Sindh ( = 4) | (0.048) | (0.032) | (2.39) | (0.124) | (0.041) | (0.3) | (0.656) | (0.24) | — | [39] |
| 22 | Hand pumps water in the vicinity of Manchar lake, Sindh ( = 1944) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.0233–0.096 | [40] |
| 23 | Jamshoro, Sindh () | — | — | 0.09–4.28 (0.79) | — | — | — | — | — | 0.0013–0.106 (0.040) | [41] |
| 24 | Talukadaur, district Nawabshah, Sindh () | 0–0.228 | 0–0.099 | 0.075–1.35 | 0.001–0.517 | 0.002–0.017 | — | 0.013–0.09 | 0.006–0.053 | — | [42] |
| 25 | Industrial area, Karachi, Sindh | — | (0.049) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [43] |
| 26 | Sindh () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.0087–0.352 | [44] |
|
27 | Hyderabad city, Sindh | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.0045–0.010 (0.0087) | [45] |
| Tharimirwa, Sindh | | | | | | | | | 0.014–0.057 (0.0284) | |
| Gambat, Sindh | | | | | | | | | 0.0388–0.362 (0.112) | |
| 28 | Tap water, Karachi, Sindh | — | (0.121) | (0.106) | (0.081) | — | (0.012) | (0.037) | (0.006) | — | [46] |
| 29 | 18 districts of Karachi, Sindh () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (0.146) | — | [47] |
| 30 | District Jamshoro, Sindh | — | — | 0.09–4.3 (0.87) | — | — | — | — | — | 0.013–0.106 (0.040) | [48] |
| 31 | Diplo and Chachro subdistrict of Tharparkar, Sindh | — | — | 0.1–0.32 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.0001–0.002 (0.0011) | [49] |
| 32 | Mithi and Nagarparkar subdistrict of Tharparkar, Sindh | — | — | 0.076–0.27 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.0001–0.003 (0.0011) | [50] |
| 33 | Drinking water, Pearl valley, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (18 locations) | <0.009–4.6 | <0.0001–2.8 | — | <0.002–4.7 | — | — | <0.002–2.96 | <0.03–4.7 | — | [8] |
| 34 | Kohistan region, Northern Pakistan
() | — | — | (0.28–0.42) | — | — | — | — | — | (0.0001–0.006) | [51] |
|
35 | Kohistan region, Northern Pakistan | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Jijal-dubair area () | 0.029–2.881 (0.651) | 0.035–0.133 (0.738) | | 0.023–0.009 (0.005) | 0–0.001 (0.001) | 0.002–0.035 (0.021) | 0–0.014 (0.005) | 0–0.005 (0.002) | | [52] |
| Besham () | 0.165–3.387 (1.376) | 0.015–0.102 (0.042) | | 0.002–0.066 (0.019) | 0–0.004 (0.002) | 0–0.004 (0.001) | 0–0.006 (0.002) | 0.001–0.043 (0.002) | | |
| Alpuri () | 0.032–2.414 (0.827) | 0.033–0.043 (0.0391) | | 0.002–0.025 (0.012) | 0–0.0004 | 0–0.0022 (0.001) | 0.002–0.010 (0.005) | 0.002–0.003 (0.002) | | |
|
| B | Surface water | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | Kabul River, Peshawar, KPK | — | (0.07) | (1.1) | — | (0.03) | — | (0.2) | (0.52) | — | [17] |
| 2 | Palosi drain, Peshawar, KPK ( = 4) | 0.0–0.239 | — | 0.37–0.75 | 0.017–0.24 | 0.0–0.004 | — | 0.0–0.18 | 0.0–0.34 | — | [33] |
| 3 | Surface water from different spots in KPK ( = 16) | 0.003–0.08 | 0.01–0.77 | 0.01–1.29 | 0.01–1.11 | 0.002–0.09 | 0.01–0.12 | 0.01–1.52 | 0.02–0.38 | — | [10] |
| Malir River, Karachi, Sindh ( = 8) | 0.06–0.29 (0.16) | 0.01–0.84 (0.31) | 0.13–2.91 (0.78) | 0.05–0.57 (0.33) | 0.002–0.07 (0.04) | 0.03–0.29 (0.10) | 0.02–1.06 (0.59) | 0.09–0.32 (0.19) | | |
| 4 | Peshawar Industrial area, KPK | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.016–0.071 | |
| Polluted area | | | | | | | | | 0.0395–0.038 | [37] |
| Control area | | | | | | | | | | |
| 5 | Bara River, Nowshera, KPK ( = 9) | 0.02–0.06 | 0.90–1.20 | 1.29–1.75 | 0.77–0.85 | 0.15–0.20 | 0.16–0.29 | 0.53–0.72 | 0.43–0.62 | — | [53] |
| 6 | Warsak dam, KPK | (0.087) | (0.042) | — | — | — | (0.051) | (0.012) | (0.009) | — | [54] |
| 7 | Phulali canal, Hyderabad, Sindh () | (0.167) | (0.063) | (1.451) | (0.596) | (0.004) | (0.0082) | (0.005) | (0.026) | — | [55] |
| 8 | Manchar lake, Jamshoro, Sindh ( = 9) | (0.016) | (0.009) | (0.012) | — | (0.001) | — | (0.004) | (0.009) | — | [56] |
| 9 | Manchar lake, Jamshoro, Sindh () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.0035–0.157 (0.097) | [40] |
| 10 | Jamshoro, Sindh
() | — | — |
0.08–0.38 (0.19) | — | — | — | — | — | 0.003–0.037
(0.015) | [41] |
| 11 | Sindh () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.003–0.018 | [44] |
| 12 | 18 Districts of Karachi, Sindh () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (0.077) | — | [47] |
| 13 | District Jamshoro, Sindh | — | — | 0.02–0.38 (0.16) | — | — | — | — | — | 0.003–0.050 (0.015) | [48] |
| 14 | Kalarkahar lake, Chakwal, Punjab | 0.44–2.82 | 0.01–1.20 | 0.20–5.46 | — | 0.01–0.05 | — | 0.04–0.25 | 0.01–0.30 | — | [57] |
|
| C | Waste water | | | | | | | | | | |
| | NEQS-Pak | 5.0 | 1.0 | 8.0 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | [58] |
| 1 | City and industrial effluent at Budni nala, Peshawar, KPK | — | (0.5) | (3.5) | — | (0.5) | (1.8) | (1.5) | (1.3) | — | [17] |
| 2 | Textile effluents in the Kabul River, KPK | — | 0.04–0.17 | — | 0.01–0.1 | 0–0.16 | 0.5–0.8 | 0–0.04 | 0.07–0.14 | — | [59] |
| 3 | Palosi drain Peshawar, KPK | (0.23) | — | 0.37–0.75
(0.63) | 0.02–0.24 | 0–0.03 | — | (0.14) | 0–0.34 | — | [33] |
| 4 | Textile industries, Hattar Industrial Estate, KPK ( = 90) | 0.014–2.482 (0.26) | — | 0.039–30.3 (2.14) | 0.011–0.97 (0.16) | 0.004–0.181 (0.04) | 0.023–2.671 (0.71) | 0.013–2.482 (0.26) | 0.013–2.34 (0.28) | — | [36] |
| 5 | Korangi area, Karachi, Sindh ( = 24) | 0.005–5.5 | 0.005–1.19 | 0.04–5.58 | 0.01–1.79 | 0.004–2.4 | 0.004–5.62 | 0.02–5.35 | 0.05–2.25 | — | [39] |
| 6 | City sewage, Hattar Industrial Estate, KPK | (0.21) | (1.2) | (2.46) | (0.15) | — | — | (0.32) | (0.002) | — | [34] |
| 7 | Hayatabad Industrial Estate, Peshawar, KPK | (0.01) | (0.36) | (0.42) | (0.16) | (0.04) | (0.06) | (1.25) | (0.70) | — | [35] |
| 8 | Industrial Estates of Pakistan | | | | — | — | — | — | | | [60] |
| Peshawar, KPK () | (6.0) | (0.59) | (2.22) | | | | | (0.309) | (0.643) | |
| Gujranwala, Punjab () | (9.0) | (0.61) | (2.03) | | | | | (0.35) | (0.475) | |
| Hattar, KPK () | (8.0) | (0.40) | (3.80) | | | | | (0.27) | (0.942) | |
| 9 | Effluent industrial area, Amangarh Nowshera, KPK | 0.75–0.59 | 15–0.62 | — | — | — | 0.66–0.03 | 0.01–1.45 | 0.11–0.07 | — | [54] |
| 10 | Gadoon Amazai Industrial Estate, Swabi, KPK, wastewater treatment wetland () | — | 0.75–1.45 | 0.07–0.27 | — | 0.19–0.62 | 0.07–0.35 | 1.63–2.76 | 0.78–1.56 | — | [61] |
| 11 | Hudiara drain, Lahore, Punjab | (1.7) | (0.45) | 7–9 | (0.85) | (0.18) | (0.07) | (0.93) | (0.03) | — | [62] |
| 12 | Hasan Abdal, Punjab | (0.42) | (0.70) | (2.67) | (0.53) | (0.031) | (0.71) | (2.23) | (0.42) | — | [23] |
| 13 | North and East zone of Lahore, Punjab (urban and industrial wastewater) | 0.34–1.39 | 9.28–32.69 | — | 0.19–1.13 | 0.18–0.37 | 0.19–0.54 | 0.91–5.94 | 0.26–0.70 | — | [63] |
|
