Heavy Silicone Oil and Intraocular Inflammation

Table 1

Ocular complications after HSOs use in CRT.

Author, year (reference)	Tamponade	𝑁	Pathology	Time to removal	Follow-up	Complications	Conclusions
Wolf et al.; 2003 [71]	Oxane HD	33	Complicated RRD of inferior quadrants	Within 3 months	12–16 months	Rise in IOP (18%); Pupillary block (6%); Marked AC inflammation (3%); Retinal hemorrhages (6%)	Complications are similar to those reported with conventional silicone oil
Theelen et al.; 2004 [37]	Oxane HD	19	Complicated RRD of inferior quadrants	1–4 months	2–4 months after tamponade removal	Keratic precipitates, pigmented clumps, and anterior chamber cellular reaction (37%); Emulsification (11%)	Inflammatory response resembling granulomatous uveitis; it is likely that Oxane HD is an immunogenic agent
Wong et al.; 2005 [41]	Densiron 68	42	Complicated RRD of inferior or posterior quadrants	10–16 weeks	>3 months after tamponade removal	Cataract progression (100%); Rise in IOP (8%); Moderate AC inflammation (8%)	We neither observed clinically significant dispersion nor found any inflammation more than we would except from routine vitreoretinal surgery
Rizzo et al.; 2006 [72]	Oxane HD	28	Complicated RRD	45–96 days	6 months after tamponade removal	Cataract progression (38%); Rise in IOP (14%); Tamponade in AC (4%); Membrane formation (54%)	Good intraocular tolerance with few minor complications
Sandner and Engelmann; 2006 [73]	Densiron 68	48	Complicated RRD	27–4000 days	103 days after tamponade removal	Dispersion (16%); Emulsification (15%); Hypotony (2%) Ocular hypotension (13%); Glaucoma (10%); Cataract progression (50%); Moderate AC inflammation (21%); Sterile hypopyon (4%)	Compared with conventional silicone oil, a temporary inflammation and early emulsification developed more frequently with Densiron 68
Cheung et al.; 2007 [74]	Oxane HD	12	RD secondary to myopic macular hole	3-4 months	9–15 months	Transient rise in IOP (42%); Mild oil emulsification and transient peripheral choroidal detachment (8%)
Rizzo et al.; 2007 [42]	HWS 46-3000	32	Complicated RRD of inferior or posterior quadrants	3 months	6 months after tamponade removal	Early posterior subcapsular cataract (100%); Epiretinal membranes (9%); Rise in IOP (0.3%)	No evidence of emulsification and intraocular inflammation
Sandner et al.; 2007 [25]	Densiron 68	12	Complicated primary RRD	33–126 days	400 days after tamponade removal	Emulsification (17%); Ocular hypotension (8%); Glaucoma (17%); Cataract progression (100%); Moderate AC inflammation (33%); Suspected intraretinal gliosis (25%)
Berker et al.; 2007 [75]	Oxane HD	21	Complicated primary RRD	3 months	11.5 months	Rise in IOP (14%); Cataract progression and PVR (19%); Dispersion (9.5%); Rubeosis iridis (14%); Vitreous hemorrhage and optic atrophy (5%); Ocular pain and photophobia (100%)	Its complications were acceptable, and mostly due to its physical properties
Boscia et al.; 2008 [76]	Oxane HD	10				Posterior capsular opacification (22%); ERM (30%)
Romano et al.; 2008 [77]	Densiron 68	41	Complicated RRD of inferior quadrants	3 months	6 months	AC shallowing (5%); Emulsification (5%); Posterior synechiae (5%); Cataract progression (54%); Rise in IOP (2.4%); PVR (2%)	Analyzing the observed side effects in our series, we found no presence of clinically significant emulsified Densiron 68 or intraocular inflammation
Majid et al.; 2008 [78]	Densiron 68	40	Complicated or primary RRD	9–14 weeks	6–12 months after tamponade removal	Emulsification (20%); Fibrinous uveitis (5%); ERM (12%); Cataract progression; CMO (8%)	Emulsified Densiron may have contributed to significant intraocular inflammation, ERM formation, and CMO. This has potentially significant implications on the indications for Densiron-68 use.
Auriol et al.; 2008 [79]	Densiron 68	27	Complicated primary RRD	14 weeks	6 months	AC inflammation with fibrin accumulation (41%); Sterile hypopyon (1%); PC inflammation with preretinal membranes without traction (0.3%); Hyphema and endothelial corneal dystrophy (1%); Rise in IOP (25%); Emulsification with pseudohypopyon (1%)	Special attention must be paid to unusual adverse effects like inflammatory reactions and fibrin accumulation in the anterior chamber.
Wickham et al. 2010 [80]	Oxane HD	18	Complicated RRD of inferior quadrants	3 months	6 months	Postoperative PVR (28%); Hypotony (17%); Uveitis (11%); Rise in IOP (22.2%); Glaucoma (6%)	Histopathological analysis showed that the structure and associated inflammatory response of membranes were similar to those observed following the use of conventional oils
Meng et al.; 2010 [81]	Oxane HD	40	Complicated RRD	Mean 87.9 days	Mean 438.1 days after tamponade removal	Mild-to-moderate AC inflammation (45%); Fibrin accumulation (40%); Temporary pupillary synechiae (15%); Rise in IOP (17.5%); Emulsification and dispersion (22.5%); Cataract progression (77.8%); ERM (30%)	Oxane HD showed an encouraging anatomical and functional success rate and good intraocular tolerance, with a few complications in complicated RD patients
Li et al.; 2010 [82]	Densiron 68	21	Complicated primary RRD	1–3 months	15 months	Mild-to-moderate AC inflammation (24%); Severe intraocular inflammatory reaction (10%); Emulsification (24%) and pseudohypopyon (10%); Early posterior capsular cataract (24%); Choroidal detachment/ocular hypotension (5%); Rise in IOP (20%); Pupillary block (5%); Transient corneal edema (5%)	Vitreoretinal surgery with temporary Densiron 68 intraocular tamponade appears to increase anatomical success, while giving rise to minimal complications, in selected cases of complicated RD and PVR
Li et al.; 2010 [83]	Densiron 68	27	Complicated RRD of inferior or posterior quadrants	3 months	15 months	Cataract progression (25%) or early posterior capsular opacification (26%); Intraocular inflammation (22%); Corneal edema and rubeosis iridis (7%); Emulsification and dispersion (19%); Rise in IOP (19%); Intraocular hemorrhage (4%); Choroidal detachment/ocular hypotension (11%); Pupillary block (4%); PVR (15%) and ERM (7%)	Postoperative complications did; not increase significantly in the vitreoretinal surgery with temporary Densiron 68; intraocular tamponade
Ang et al.; 2010 [84]	Oxane HD	18	Complicated RRD of inferior quadrants	Mean 27 weeks	Mean 66 weeks	Posterior capsular opacification (22%); Severe intraocular inflammation (6%); Pseudohypopyon (6%); Emulsification (33%); Rise in IOP (11%); ERM (28%)	The relatively high rate; of emulsification and increased; risk of intraocular complication when compared to other reported series is less promising and; warrants further evaluation
Rizzo et al. 2011 [85]	HWS-45 3000	10	Complicated RRD of inferior quadrants	2 months	6 months after tamponade removal	Tiny droplets in CA (30%); Mild inflammatory reaction (40%)	HWS-45 3000 appears to be a well-tolerated heavy oil suitable; for the treatment of complicated inferior retinal detachment
Romano; et al. 2013 [86]	HeavySil (HSIL)	31	Complicated RRD of inferior quadrants	1 month	2 months after tamponade removal	Emulsification in AC (19%); Mild/severe intraocular inflammation (9.6%); Cataract formation (71%); Sticky oil formation (9.6%); Posterior synechiae (3.2%)	HeavySil is a safe and effective tamponade; agent for the treatment of complicated RD; no major complication in terms of corneal damage, hypotension or hypertension, or postoperative proliferation was observed
Kocak and Koc 2013 [87]	Densiron 68	31	Complicated RRD of inferior quadrants	3 months	6 months after tamponade removal	Rise in IOP (25%); Cataract progression (80%); AC inflammation with fibrin accumulation (3%); PVR (17%) and ERM (6%)	Densiron 68 does not have higher complication rates than conventional silicone oil