Traditional and nontraditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis. AD: autoimmune disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; IMT: intima-media thickness; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; RF: rheumatoid factor. includes a broad spectrum of subphenotypes: stroke/transient ischemic attack, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, angina, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, ventricular diastolic dysfunction, hypertension, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, and peripheral arterial/venous disease. Mainly HLA-DRB10404 shared epitope alleles. The presence of any diagnosed AD in first-degree relatives of proband. The presence of two concomitant AD in a single patient on the basis of international criteria. Rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides antibodies, anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein, anticardiolipins, anti-phosphorylcholine, anti-modified citrullinated vimentin, anti-apolipoprotein A-1, and anti-cytokeratin 18 antibodies. High levels of c-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Methotrexate, leflunomide, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Patients (females and males) with RA working on household duties. von Willebrand factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and tissue plasminogen activator. Hypothyroidism, periodontal disease, and other markers such as mannose-binding lectin, serum pentraxin 3, osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, and seric uric acid.
