Biomarkers for Lupus Nephritis: A Critical Appraisal

Table 3

Biomarkers that correlate with histological findings in lupus nephritis.

Authors, year	Biomarkers studied	Main findings
Oates et al., 2008 [83]	Serum nitrate and nitrite levels	Serum nitrate plus nitrite levels associated with SLE disease activity score; higher nitrate/nitrite levels associated with histological proliferative renal lesions
Marks et al., 2008 [84]	Glomerular MCP-1 expression	Glomerular monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression higher in class III and class IV than other classes of lupus nephritis
Nakayamada et al., 2007 [85]	𝛽1-integrin (CD29) expression on T cells	CD29 expression on T cells upregulated in active SLE, especially in active diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis
Avihingsanon et al., 2006 [86]	Chemokine and growth factor mRNA levels in urinary sediments	Urine interferon-producing protein 10 (IP-10), CXCR3, TGF-𝛽, and VEGF mRNA levels associated with class IV lupus nephritis
do Nascimento et al., 2006 [87]	Antiribosomal P antibody	Frequency of antiribosomal P antibody higher in class V than other classes of lupus nephritis
Oates et al., 2005 [88]	Urine glycoprotein panel	An urinary glycoprotein panel may help to differentiate different histological classes of lupus nephritis