OPG strongly associated with renal activity descriptors of the SELENA SLEDAI; medium/high levels of OPG predictive of a urine protein/creatinine ratio of 0.5
FOXP3 mRNA expression significantly higher in active than inactive lupus nephritis, and in proliferative than nonproliferative nephritis, FOXP3 mRNA level correlated with proteinuria and histological activity index; persistent elevation associated with poor treatment response
Fractional excretion of endothelin-1 and urinary endothelin-1/creatinine ratio higher in lupus nephritis than other chronic inflammatory renal diseases when renal function is normal
Urinary CXCR3+CD4+ T cells are enriched in lupus nephritis and correlated with SLE disease activity; higher concentration of urinary CXCR3+CD4+ T cells is found in active than inactive nephritis
Glomerular expression of IL-12 predominantly occurs in class IV and V lupus nephritis; serum and urine IL-12 higher in lupus nephritis than nonrenal SLE
Urinary VCAM-1, P-selectin, TNFR-1, and CXCL16 elevated in lupus nephritis, correlating with proteinuria and SLE disease activity scores; urinary VCAM-1 and CXCL16 showed superior specificity and sensitivity in distinguishing subjects with active renal disease from the other SLE patients.