|
Material | Size (nm) | Bacterial species | Antibacterial mechanism |
|
ZnO NPs | 30 | E. coli | Destroy the membrane integrity and ROS production [76] |
Ag-ZnO composite | 64 | S. aureus and GFP E. coli | ROS and the release of Ag+ and Zn2+ [84] |
ZnO NPs | ∼80 | V. cholera | Depolarization of the membrane structure, increased permeabilization and damage of DNA, and generation of ROS [85] |
ZnO NPs | ∼20 | E. coli 11634 | Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [86] |
ZnO NPs | | E. coli and S. aureus | Release of Zn2+ [78] |
Phβ-GBP-coated ZnO NPs (Phβ-GBP-ZnO NPs) | 20∼50 | S. aureus and P. vulgaris | Alter the bacterial cell membrane permeability and high level of ROS [87] |
ZnO nanocatalyst | ∼18 | B. subtilis, E. coli, K. pneumonia, and S. typhimurium | H2O2, OH−, and other ROS [88] |
CdO-ZnO nanocomposite | 27 | E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, and Bacillus spp | ROS (OH−, H2O2, and O22−) and the release of Zn2+ and Cd2+ [89] |
ZnO quantum dots | 4 | E. coli MG1655, Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 | The toxicity is mainly from Zn2+ [90] |
ZnO/kaoline nanocomposites | | S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis, and P. aeruginosa | Zn2+ and consequent diffusion of these ions into the cytoplasm [91] |
ZnO nanostructures (ZnO-NSs) | 70∼80 | S. aureus, S. typhimurium, P. vulgaris, and K. pneumoniae | ROS damage to cell membranes [92] |
ZnO NPs | 40 | Streptococcus mutans (MTCC497), S. pyogenes (MTCC1926), Vibrio cholerae (MTCC3906), Shigella flexneri (MTCC1457), and Salmonella typhi (MTCC1252) | ROS and the release of Zn2+ [93] |
ZnO NPs | 90∼100 | V. cholera and enterotoxic E. coli (ETEC) | Inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity, and cAMP levels are decreased [94] |
Ge-ZnO NPs | 20 | P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis | Penetrated the cell and caused bacterial cell death [83] |
SA/ZnO composites | | E. coli and S. aureus | ROS production [95] |
ZnO@GA NPs | 11.5 ± 4.4 | E. coli and S. aureus | Attributed to the high affinity of GA for the bacterial cell membrane and the increased lipophilicity upon the addition of GA [96] |
|