Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications

Review Article

The Advancing of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Table 2

The antibacterial effects of ZnO NPs in different bacterial species.


Material	Size (nm)	Bacterial species	Antibacterial mechanism

ZnO NPs	30	E. coli	Destroy the membrane integrity and ROS production [76]
Ag-ZnO composite	64	S. aureus and GFP E. coli	ROS and the release of Ag⁺ and Zn²⁺ [84]
ZnO NPs	∼80	V. cholera	Depolarization of the membrane structure, increased permeabilization and damage of DNA, and generation of ROS [85]
ZnO NPs	∼20	E. coli 11634	Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) [86]
ZnO NPs		E. coli and S. aureus	Release of Zn²⁺ [78]
Phβ-GBP-coated ZnO NPs (Phβ-GBP-ZnO NPs)	20∼50	S. aureus and P. vulgaris	Alter the bacterial cell membrane permeability and high level of ROS [87]
ZnO nanocatalyst	∼18	B. subtilis, E. coli, K. pneumonia, and S. typhimurium	H₂O₂, OH⁻, and other ROS [88]
CdO-ZnO nanocomposite	27	E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, and Bacillus spp	ROS (OH⁻, H₂O₂, and O₂²⁻) and the release of Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ [89]
ZnO quantum dots	4	E. coli MG1655, Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34	The toxicity is mainly from Zn²⁺ [90]
ZnO/kaoline nanocomposites		S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis, and P. aeruginosa	Zn²⁺ and consequent diffusion of these ions into the cytoplasm [91]
ZnO nanostructures (ZnO-NSs)	70∼80	S. aureus, S. typhimurium, P. vulgaris, and K. pneumoniae	ROS damage to cell membranes [92]
ZnO NPs	40	Streptococcus mutans (MTCC497), S. pyogenes (MTCC1926), Vibrio cholerae (MTCC3906), Shigella flexneri (MTCC1457), and Salmonella typhi (MTCC1252)	ROS and the release of Zn²⁺ [93]
ZnO NPs	90∼100	V. cholera and enterotoxic E. coli (ETEC)	Inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity, and cAMP levels are decreased [94]
Ge-ZnO NPs	20	P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis	Penetrated the cell and caused bacterial cell death [83]
SA/ZnO composites		E. coli and S. aureus	ROS production [95]
ZnO@GA NPs	11.5 ± 4.4	E. coli and S. aureus	Attributed to the high affinity of GA for the bacterial cell membrane and the increased lipophilicity upon the addition of GA [96]