Hazardous Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Ecosystem

Figure 4

Nano-TiO₂-induced tissue injury and inflammation. These NPs cause elevation of ROS, decline of GSH levels, inhibition of PMN apoptosis, and tyrosine phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK1/2 or JNK. All these induce the production of different inflammatory cytokines that in turn lead to inflammation and consequent necrosis or apoptosis mechanism of cell death. Decreased detoxification due to CYP1A and HSP70 decline also leads to tissue injury or cell death.