Prevalence of Human Sapovirus in Low and Middle Income Countries

Table 2

Summary of human SV detection from 9 studies (stool samples) conducted in 5 African countries.

Country	World Bank Classification as of year 2018	Study setup				Prevalence (seasons or defined period of incidence)	Method used	Rate of Detected Genotypes	Reference
		Study population	Population size	Study setting	Duration of study
Burkina Faso	Low income	Children	263 diarrhoeal, 50 non-diarrhoeal	Urban area (HP & OP)	From November 2011 to September 2012	Not defined	Real-time RT-PCR	9%: 27/263 (10.3%) 5/27 = hospitalised, 22/27 = non-hospitalised & 3/50 (6%); SV-GII [GII.2, GII.1, GII.3], SV-GI.2	Ouedraogo et al [51]
		Children <5yrs	309 diarrhoeal	Not defined	From May 2009 to March 2010	Not defined	Real-time PCR	56/309 (18%) [mixed infection: with RV 25/56, with NV 5/56; single infection 20/56]; Genogrouping 34/56: SV-GI [GI.1, GI.4], GII [GII.1, GII.4, GII.6], GIV.1 & GV.1	Matussek et al [16]
Ethiopia	Low income	All age groups	213 diarrheic samples	Government Health Care Centre	From June to September 2013	June-sept 2013	RT-PCR	9/213 (4.2%); One sequenced (SV-GII.1)	Sisay et al [52]
Kenya	Lower middle income	All age groups	334-Lwak & 524-Kibera.	Clinics with diar	From June 2007 to October 2008	Not defined	RT-PCR	5%: 13/334 (4%) and 31/524 (6%) SV; Genogroups not defined	Shioda et al [3]
South Africa	Upper middle income	Paediatric <13yrs	245	HP gastroenteritis	Year 2008	Not defined	Real-time RT-PCR	10/245 (4.1%) incl. one; Mixed infection with NV; Genogroups not defined	Mans et al [53]
		Patients 1mn to 87yrs mean 14yrs	190; 94 diar; 93 non-diar; 3 unknown	Bio-wipes from rural households	From July 2007 to December 2008	Not defined	Real-time RT-PCR	16/190 (8.4%): (1 - 62yrs: mean 24yrs); Genogroups not defined	Mans et al [54]
		Children	Selected) 296 of 477 SV-Pos; (for characterisation)	HP with gastroenteritis	From April 2009 to December 2013	Not defined	Nested PCR	221 were characterised (genotyped); SV-GI [GI.1 – GI.3, GI.5, GI.6, GI.7], SV-GII [GII.1 – GII.7], SV-GIV	Murray et al [55]
		Children <5yrs	3103	HP diar	From 2009 to 2013	Higher in Summer & Autumn (Nov to Apr)	Real-time PCR	238/3103 (7.7%) SV; Genogroups not defined	Page et al [56]
Tunisia	Lower middle income	Children	788; [408 HP, 380 OP]	Consulting for AGE	From January 2003 to April 2007	Not defined	RT-PCR; Primer Noel, 1997	6/788 (0.8%) [Mixed infection: with RV 2/6; single infection 4/6]. Positive from OP samples; SV-GI.1	Sdiri-Loulizi et al [57]

HP = hospitalised patient; OP = outpatient; AGE = acute gastroenteritis; mn= month; yr(s) = year(s); diar = diarrhoea; SV = Sapovirus; G (I-IV) = genogroup (I-IV).