Exploring a Role for Parental Mental Health in Perception and Reports of Pain on Behalf of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Table 2
Weighted odds ratios of pain in children with and without ASD and of mothers with and without “Fair or Poor” mental health.
Model 1, unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
Model 2, adjusted for CNC only odds ratio (95% CI)
Model 3, fully adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
Group
Control − no MMHCs
1.00 (ref)
1.00 (ref)
1.00 (ref)
Control + MMHCs
3.71 (2.80–4.93)
3.69 (2.77–4.91)
3.59 (2.65–4.88)
ASD only
2.42 (1.38–4.24)
2.04 (1.07–3.93)
2.31 (1.21–4.42)
ASD + MMHCs
4.29 (1.90–9.71)
3.57 (1.66–7.68)
3.86 (1.70–8.78)
Covariates
CNCs
N/A
1.93 (1.28–2.91)
1.93 (1.28–2.91)
Child age
N/A
N/A
1.14 (1.12–1.17)
Maternal age
N/A
N/A
1.00 (0.99–1.00)
Female (compared to male)
N/A
N/A
1.41 (1.21–1.64)
Black, non-Hispanic
N/A
N/A
1.10 (0.85–1.43)
Hispanic
N/A
N/A
1.03 (0.83–1.27)
Multiracial/others or non-Hispanic
N/A
N/A
0.78 (0.63–0.98)
Compared to white, non-Hispanic. Model 1 includes only the group variable of those with and without ASD and maternal mental health conditions (MMHCs). Model 2 adjusts only for co-occurring neurological conditions (CNCs) which include intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy or seizure disorder. Model 3 adjusts for CNCs and all other covariates.
