Synthesis, Production, and Biotechnological Applications of Exopolysaccharides and Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Archaea

Table 1

EPSs produced by archaeal species.

Microorganism	Carbon source	Chemical composition	Yield (w/v)	Reference
Haloferax mediterranei	Glucose	→4)-β-D-GlcpNAcA-(1→6)-𝛼-D-Manp-(1→4)-𝛽-D-GlcpNAcA-3-O-SO3−-(1→	3.0 (g L^−1)	[11, 14]
Haloferax denitrificans	Glucose	→4)-𝛽-D-GlcpA2,3NAc-(1→4)-𝛽-D-GlcpA2,3NAc-(1→4)-𝛼-D-GlcpA2,3NAc-(1→3)-𝛼-D-Galp-(1→	n.d.	[39]
Haloferax gibbonsii	Glucose	→4)-𝛽-D-Manp-(1→4)-𝛽-D-Manp-(1→4)-𝛼-D-Galp-(1→3)-𝛽-D-Galp-(1→	n.d	[13]
		3           2
		↑           ↑
		1           1
		𝛼-D-Galp-(1→2)-𝛼-L-Rhap    𝛼-D-Galp
Haloarcula japonica strain T5	Glucose	Man/Gal/GlcA; 2 : 1 : 3	370 (mg L^−1)	[12]
Haloarcula sp.; strain T6	Glucose	Man/Gal/Glc; 1 : 0.2 : 0.2	45 (mg L^−1)	[12]
Haloarcula sp.; strain T7	Glucose	Man/Gal/Glc; 1 : 0.2 : 0.2	35 (mg L^−1)	[12]
Sulfolobus solfataricus; strain MT4	Glucose	Glc/Man/GlcN/Gal; 1.2 : 1.0 : 0.18 : 0.13	8.4 (mg L^−1)	[5]
S. solfataricus; strain MT3	Glucose	Glc/Man/GlcN/Gal; 1.2 : 1.0 : 0.77 : 0.73	7.0 (mg L^−1)	[5]
Thermococcus litoralis	Maltose	Man	0.33 (g L^−1)	[7, 40]

Chemical composition was determined by NMR spectroscopy analysis or by HPAE-PAD analysis after acid hydrolysis. n.d.: not determined; Gal: galactose; Glc: glucose; GlcA: glucuronic acid; GlcN: glucosamine; GlcANAc: N-acetylglucosamine; GlcNAcA: 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucuronic acid; GlcpA2,3NAc: 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid; Man: mannose; Rha: rhamnose.