Review Article
Bacterial Infections and Their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review
Table 2
Antibiotic resistance for gram-negative bacteria.
| Microorganisms | Type of sample | Study area | No of isolates | Antibiotics and resistance (%) | Reference | AMP | SXT | AMC | FOX | DOX | CRO | CAF | CIP | E | CN | TTC |
| K. pneumoniae | sputum, urine, pus | Harar | 57 | | 65 | | | | 40 | 70 | | | 61 | | [43] | Urine | Bahir Dar | 17 | 100 | 50 | 84.6 | | | | | 21 | | 40 | 27.8 | [24] | Urine | AAML | 18 | 100 | 66.7 | | 5.6 | | 44.4 | | 16.7 | | 22.2 | 44.4 | [38] | Urine | GUH | 28 | 100 | 100 | | | | 0 | 100 | 0 | | 100 | 100 | [27] | Wound | JUSH | 14 | 100 | 85.7 | | | 42.9 | 71 | 85.7 | 35.7 | | 64 | 57 | [30] |
| H. influenza | Ocular swab | JUSH | | | 92.3 | | | 7.7 | 15.3 | 23 | 7.7 | 15.4 | 0 | 15.4 | [22] |
| Klebsiella spp | Wound | Mekelle | 29 | 89.7 | | 65.5 | | | 86.2 | | 37.9 | 44.8 | 27.8 | | [34] | Conjunctival swab | West Gojjam | 20 | | 28 | | | | 20 | 55 | 0 | | 0 | 0 | [21] | Urine | AAHFH | 14 | | | 0 | | | 14.3 | 28.6 | 78.6 | | 50 | | [44] |
| E. coli | Urine | Bahir Dar | 64 | 89.1 | 64.5 | 78.6 | | | | | 64.4 | | 27.6 | 66.1 | [24] | Blood | Mekelle | 16 | | 6.7 | 6.7 | | 40 | 60 | | 6.7 | | 13.3 | | [25] | Urine | GUH | 28 | 66.7 | 66.7 | | | | 50 | 16.7 | 50 | | 66.7 | 100 | [27] | Vaginal swab | FRH | 15 | 73.3 | 60 | | | | | | 20 | | 26.7 | 73.3 | [45] | Wound | JUSH | 30 | 76.7 | 20 | | | 23.3 | 66.7 | 13.3 | 3.3 | | 0 | | [28] | Wound | JUSH | 29 | 100 | 55 | | | 44.8 | 62 | 65.5 | 34 | | 51.7 | 79 | [30] | Urine | AAML | 135 | 77.8 | 70.4 | 45.2 | 22.9 | | 34.8 | | 50.4 | | 28.1 | 69.6 | [38] | Urine | GUH | 19 | 100 | 26.3 | 36.8 | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 5.3 | 52.6 | [18] | Urine | StHMC | 53 | 79.2 | 22.6 | | | 71.7 | 45.3 | 30.2 | 54.7 | | 22.6 | 83 | [46] | Conjunctival swab | West Gojjam | 20 | | 15 | | | | 0 | 35 | 0 | | 20 | 25 | [21] | Pus | GGH | 17 | 70.6 | 58.8 | 5.9 | 11.8 | 29.4 | 5.9 | 35.3 | 29.4 | 41.2 | 11.8 | 41.2 | [31] | Urine | AAHFH | 65 | | | 21.6 | | | 24.6 | 32.2 | 56.9 | | 53.8 | | [44] |
| P. aeruginosa | Urine | Bahir Dar | 8 | 100 | 71.4 | 75 | | | | | 0 | | 0 | 40 | [24] | Wound | JUSH | 74 | 97.3 | 87.9 | | | 83.3 | 9.5 | 74.3 | 5.4 | | 10.8 | | [28] | Ocular swab | JUSH | 31 | | 74.2 | | | 45.1 | 19.4 | 38.7 | 6.4 | | 0 | 71 | [22] | Wound | JUSH | 11 | 100 | 73 | | | 100 | 63.6 | 82 | 0 | | 18 | 82 | [30] | Urine | JUSH | 36 | | | | | | | | 0 | | 0 | | [47] | Wound | Mekelle | 11 | 100 | | 100 | | | 100 | | 81.8 | 36.4 | 0 | | [34] |
| Pseudomonas spp | Conjunctival swabs | West Gojjam | 20 | | 50 | | | | 15 | 50 | 0 | | 0 | 20 | [21] |
| P. mirabilis | Urine | Bahir Dar | 7 | 85.7 | 71.4 | 80 | | | | | 66.7 | | 57.1 | 57.1 | [24] | Urine | GUH | 28 | 100 | 100 | | | | 100 | 0 | 100 | | 100 | 100 | [27] |
| Proteus spp | Wound | JUSH | 23 | 91 | 39 | | | 43 | 65 | 30 | 17 | | 26 | 74 | [30] | Wound | Mekelle | 15 | 86.7 | | 46.7 | | | 73.3 | | 46.7 | | 20 | | [34] | Pus | GGH | 25 | 68 | 56 | 20 | 12 | 28 | 8 | 36 | 32 | 48 | 32 | 96 | [31] | Conjunctival swabs | West Gojjam | 25 | | 28 | | | | 0 | 76 | 0 | | 8 | 56 | [21] | Urine | AAHFH | 31 | | | 19.4 | | | 19.4 | 41.9 | 45.9 | | 61.3 | | [44] |
| P. vulgaris | Urine | Bahir Dar | 3 | 100 | 66.7 | 50 | | | | | 33.3 | | 100 | 100 | [24] |
| Enterobacter spp | Urine | Bahir Dar | 3 | 100 | 100 | 100 | | | | | 66.7 | | 50 | 66.7 | [24] | Conjunctival swabs | West Gojjam | 20 | | 30 | | | | 5 | 40 | 0 | | 20 | 25 | [21] |
| Citrobacter spp | Urine | GUH | 28 | 69.2 | 38.5 | | | | 46.2 | 76.9 | 53.8 | | 61.5 | 61.5 | [27] | Wound | JUSH | 18 | 100 | 100 | | | 88.9 | 16.7 | 100 | 11.1 | | 33.3 | | [28] | Conjunctival swabs | West Gojjam | 20 | | 50 | | | | 0 | 50 | 0 | | 0 | 10 | [21] |
| Neisseria gonorrhea | Urethral discharge | Gondar Health Center | 142 | 80.3 | 92.3 | | | | 4.2 | 1.4 | | 3.5 | 14.1 | 29.6 | [48] | Urethral or endo-cervical swabs | Gambella hospital | 21 | 100 | | | | | 0 | | 28.6 | | | 100 | [49] |
| S. Typhimurium | Stool | Addis Ababa | 27 | 22.2 | 3.7 | 14.8 | 0 | | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | | 0 | 11.1 | [50] |
| S. Virchow | Stool | Addis Ababa | 21 | 4.8 | 0 | 4.8 | 0 | | 0 | 4.8 | 0 | | 4.8 | 14.3 | [50] |
| Moraxella spp | Conjunctival swabs | West Gojjam | 15 | | 80 | | | | 40 | 53.3 | 40 | | 40 | 40 | [21] |
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GUH: Gonder University Hospital; StHMC: St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College; AAHFH: Addis Ababa Hamlin fistula hospital; FRH: Felegehiwot Referral Hospital; GGH: Gambo General Hospital Pus = collected from leprosy ulcer |