Bacterial Infections and Their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Antibiotic resistance for gram-positive bacteria.

Microorganisms	Type of sample	Study area	No of isolates	Antibiotics and resistance (%)												Reference
				AMP	SXT	AMC	FOX	DOX	CRO	CAF	CIP	DA	E	CN	TTC
S. pneumoniae	Nasal swab	GUH	96	10	22	-	0	-	0	14	2	-	32	-	32	[20]
	Conjunctival swabs	West Gojjam	25	-	44	-			4	32	4			8	8	[21]
	Ocular swab	JUSH	20		65			5	15	0	5		10	85	20	[22]
	Ocular swab	HUH	20	20	45	0			0	10	10		5	70	30	[23]
Streptococcus spp	Conjunctival swabs	West Gojjam	40		32.5				15	80	0			40	55	[21]
S. aureus	Urine	Bahir Dar	10	100	87.5						33.3			50	60	[24]
	Blood	Mekelle	54		66.7	13		53.7	57.4		38.9		44.4	33.3		[25]
	Nasal swab	Adigrat, Wukro	29	48.3	51.7		48.3			17.2	37.9	17.2	62.1	37.9	55.2	[26]
	Ocular swab	JUSH	42		21.4			19.1	23.8	57.1	4.8		35.7	4.8	21.4	[22]
	Urine	GUH	28	100	100				100	50	100			50	0	[27]
	Wound	JUSH	73	94.5	60.3		28.8	82.2	20.5	69.9	13.7	85	79.4	16.5		[28]
	Ear discharge	HUCSH				48.5								18.2		[29]
	Wound	JUSH	47	95.7	6			27.6	14.9	14.9	4		14.9	4	51	[30]
	Pus	GGH	15	80	26.7	26.7	20	0	40	20	20	20	26.7	0	13.3	[31]
	Blood	GUH	17	47	58.3				35.3	23.5	29.4		58.8	29.4	35	[32]
	Eye discharge	GUH	13	76.9	69.2	53.8			23.1	30.8	15.4		46.2	46.2	61.6	[33]
	Wound	Mekelle	40	90		50			90				22.5	22.2	90	[34]
	Ocular swab	HUH	30	70	23.3	10			6.7	6.7	6.7		16.7	6.7	60	[23]
	Ocular specimen	QOH	40		42.5			27.5		27.5	12.5	22.5	20	12.5	45	[35]
	Ocular specimen	GUH	96	92.7	7.3	17.7			20.8	11.5	7.3	7.3	28.1	28.1	27.1	[36]
	Conjunctival swabs	West Gojjam	120	66	38				30	80	13			16.6	21	[21]
	Specimen	YHMC	194	96.4	53.1	18.5	17.5			18.6	31.4	11.9	53.1	13.4		[37]
MRSA	Specimen	YHMC	34	100	100	100	100			47	82.5	53	100	38.2		[37]
MSSA	Specimen	YHMC	160	95.6	43.1	1.3	3.8			12.5	20.6	3.1	43.1	8.1		[37]
S. saprophyticus	Urine	AAML	18		55.6						27.8	88.9	94.4	16.7	72.2	[38]
CONS	Blood	GUH	30	40	53.3				36.6	40	23.3		30	30	73.3	[32]
	Ocular swab	JUSH	15		46.6			6.7	26.7	73.4	0		26.7	53.3	33.3	[22]
	Eye discharge	GUH	17	76.5	70.6	64.7			23.5	52.9	23.5		64.7	58.8	64.7	[33]
	Blood	Mekelle	44		81.8	11.4		61.4	50		25		40.9	18.1		[25]
	Ocular specimen	GUH	64	89.1	23.4	17.2			17.2	15.6	10.9	4.7	42.2	26.6	32.8	[36]
	Wound	Mekelle	18	77.8		77.8			72.3				50	50	77.8	[34]
	Ocular swab	HUH	26	30.8	38.5	3.8			26.7	26.9	18.2		11.5	23.1	65.4	[23]
	Conjunctival swabs	West Gojjam	110	80	41.8				40	81						[21]
	Ocular specimen	QOH	31		67.7			22.6		29	9.7	38.7	29	6.5	58.1	[35]
GAS	Throat swab	Addis Ababa	52	0	0		0					0	0		34.6	[39]
		Dire Dawa	16	0	0		0					0	0		75	[39]
		Gondar	22	0	0		0					0	0		59.1	[39]
Enterococci spp	Conjunctival swabs	West Gojjam	25	100							25			8	72	[21]
	Urine, wound, blood	GUH	24	66.7				68		70.8	70.8		64		68	[40]
E. faecalis	Urine	AAML	14		7.1					73.5	7.1	7.1	85.8	0	78.6	[38]
	Stool, rectal swab	Jimma	34	14.7						73.5	61.8		73.5	26.5	94.1	[41]
E. faecium	Stool, rectal swab	Jimma	40	87.5						27.5	87.5		97.5	75	92.5	[41]
GBS	Vaginal swab	Mekelle	19	0							5.3		0	0		[42]

Specimen: Nasal swab, pus from wound, ear discharge, blood, throat swab, eye swab, vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, urine, stool, sputum, CSF, and body fluids; Pus: collected from leprosy ulcer; AMP: Ampicillin; SXT: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole; AMC: Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid; Dox: Doxycycline; CRO: Ceftriaxone; CAF: Chloramphenicol; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; DA: Clindamycin; E: Erythromycin; CN: Gentamicin; TTC: Tetracycline; FOX: Cefoxitin; GUH: Gonder University Hospital; JUSH: Jimma University Specialized Hospital; CONS: Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus; HUH: Hawassa University Hospital; GAS: Group A Streptococcus; GBS: Group B Streptococcus YHMC: Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College; QOH: Quiha Ophthalmic Hospital; AAML: Arsho Advanced Medical laboratory; HUCSH: Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital MRSA: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MSSA: Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus