Use of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for the Estimation of Gut Microbiota Composition Based on Dietary Patterns and Its Association with Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms in the Lebanese Adult Population: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 5
Sociodemographics, smoking, and health characteristics of the participants exhibiting estimated poor gut microbiota composition (EPGM; n = 244) and estimated good gut microbiota composition (EGGM; n = 144).
Characteristics
EPGM, n (%)
EGGM, n (%)
P value
Cramer’s V (ϕ)
Gender
n/a
Male
75 (56.39)
58 (43.61)
Female
169 (66.27)
86 (33.73)
Governorate of residence
Akkar
0 (0)
0 (0)
n/a
Baalbek–Hermel
3 (100)
0 (0)
Beirut
49 (73.13)
18 (26.87)
Beqaa
8 (80)
2 (20)
Mount Lebanon
165 (58.93)
115 (41.07)
Nabatiyeh
0 (0)
0 (0)
North Lebanon
17 (65.38)
9 (34.62)
South Lebanon
2 (100)
0 (0)
Ethnicity
Middle Eastern
195 (67.24)
95 (32.76)
0.182
American Indian or Alaska Native
0 (0)
0 (0)
Asian
16 (48.48)
17 (51.52)
African American
0 (0)
2 (100)
Hispanic or Latino
1 (50)
1 (50)
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
0 (0)
1 (100)
White
32 (53.33)
28 (46.67)
Smoking habits
Tobacco cigarettes
36 (14.75)
23 (15.97)
0.667
n/a
Shisha
46 (18.85)
21 (14.58)
E-cigarettes mods
30 (12.3)
23 (15.97)
Dual smoker of any of the above
14 (5.74)
6 (4.17)
Not smoking
118 (48.36)
71 (49.31)
Cardiovascular diseases
Arrythmias
2 (0.82)
1 (0.7)
n/a
Atherosclerosis
0 (0)
1 (0.7)
Coronary heart disease
2 (0.82)
1 (0.7)
Heart failure
0 (0)
0 (0)
Hypertension
17 (6.97)
4 (2.78)
None
223 (91.39)
137 (95.14)
Type 2 diabetes
Yes
5 (2.05)
3 (2.08)
1
n/a
No
239 (97.95)
141 (97.92)
Irritable bowel syndrome symptoms
Yes
122 (50)
56 (38.89)
-0.108
No
122 (50)
88 (61.11)
BMI
Underweight
9 (3.69)
8 (5.55)
0.336#
n/a
Normal Weight
135 (55.33)
89 (61.81)
Overweight
74 (30.33)
37 (25.7)
Obese
26 (10.65)
10 (6.94)
Percentages from total per subcategory are presented horizontally. n/a: not applicable. Numbers in bold indicate significant P values (<0.05). P value: Pearson’s chisquare test and Fisher exact test with more than 20% of expected counts less than 5 (governorate of residence and ethnicity). #P value: Pearson’s chi-square test and Fisher exact test with more than 20% of expected counts less than 5 (smoking habits, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes).
