Changes in the Step Counts of University Students Living in Hokkaido during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Table 2

Change in step counts over time.

	a: Oct–Nov 2019	b: Apr–May 2020	c: Oct–Nov 2020	d: Apr–May 2021	e: Oct–Nov 2021	Multiple comparisons
	(baseline)	(emergency 1)	(contained infection 1)	(emergency 2)	(contained infection 2)
Overall	5,687.2 ± 2,437.2; 5,493 (3,904–7,120)	2,955.5 ± 2,015.7; 2,499 (1,559–3,561)	5,364.1 ± 2,356.8; 5,199 (3,727–6,644)	4,545.1 ± 1,940.7; 4,176 (3,150–5,732)	5,842.1 ± 2,248.4; 5,547 (4,145–7,000)	a > b, a > d, b < c, b < d, b < e, c > d, d < e:
Sex
Male	5,425.5 ± 2,763.9; 5,087 (3,628–6,291)	3,244.3 ± 2,436.2; 2,703 (1,464–4,174)	5,503.4 ± 2,242.1; 5,229 (3,848–6,614)	4,362.1 ± 2,059.3; 4,037 (2,596–5,767)	5,723.4 ± 2,327.6; 5,233 (4,489–6,522)	a > b, b < c, b < e, d < e: , c > d:
Female	5,748.8 ± 2,284.8; 5,545 (3,959–7,129)	2,761.8 ± 1,663.5; 2,407 (1,555–3,515)	5,264.0 ± 2,381.5; 5,166 (3,628–6,578)	4,547.2 ± 1,833.0; 4,178 (3,229–5,688)	5,755.6 ± 2,134.5; 5,574 (3948–7013)	a > b, a > d, b < c, b < d, b < e, d < e:
Residential status
Living alone	4,625.8 ± 1,958.9; 4,683 (3,192–6,032)	2,513.3 ± 1,333.0; 2,499 (1,496–3,356)	4,358.8 ± 2,481.3; 4,138 (2,673–5,565)	3,766.6 ± 1,504.3; 3,656 (2,744–4,683)	5,378.2 ± 1,548.6; 5,389 (4,526–6,467)	a > b, b < c, b < e, c < e, d < e: , a > d:
With others (including dormitory)	6,091.0 ± 2,488.5; 5,932 (4,107–7,409)^††	3,123.7 ± 2,204.1; 2,516 (1,589–3,746)	5,746.5 ± 2,203.2; 5,563 (4,091–7,300)^††	4,841.2 ± 2,011.8; 4,307 (3,589–6,000)^††	6,018.6 ± 2,447.4; 5,810 (3,977–7,298)	a > b, a > d, b < c, b < d, b < e, d < e: , c > d:
Part-time job
Employed	5,696.1 ± 2,544.2; 5,471 (3,902–7,005)	2,946.1 ± 2,003.1; 2,381 (1,650–3,553)	5,490.2 ± 2,449.9; 5,255 (3,738–7,157)	4,541.4 ± 1,896.6; 4,182 (3,154–5,715)	5,982.5 ± 2,268.6; 5,794 (4,486–7,149)	a > b, a > d, b < c, b < d, b < e, c > d, d < e:
None	5,663.9 ± 2,165.2; 5,500 (3,904–7,120)	2,980.0 ± 2,077.6; 2,535 (1,431–3,561)	5,032.5 ± 2,089.1; 5,050 (3,486–5,895)	4,554.8 ± 2,080.8; 4,067 (3,117–5,873)	5,473.2 ± 2,183.3; 5,389 (3,750–6,452)^†	a > b, b < c, b < d, b < e:
Club activities
Participated	5,762.4 ± 1,957.7; 5,621 (4,243–6,682)	2,850.6 ± 2,497.6; 2,312 (1,511–3,361)	6,163.9 ± 2,935.5; 6,125 (3,834–7,095)	4,395.2 ± 1,633.0; 3,847 (3,305–5,292)	6,643.7 ± 2,169.9; 6,467 (5,078–7,643)	a > b, b < c, b < e, d < e:
None	5,672.4 ± 2,529.2; 5,471 (3,826–7,127)	2,976.2 ± 1,919.6; 2,569 (1,592–3,588)	5,205.6 ± 2,207.0; 5,166 (3,604–6,543)	4,574.8 ± 2,001.5; 4,200 (3,139–5,804)	5,683.3 ± 2,239.6; 5,502 (3,920–6,838)	a > b, a > d, b < c, b < d, b < e, d < e: , c > d:

Data are presented as means ± standard deviations and medians (interquartile ranges). Multiple comparison test by Bonferroni correction :  = 0.05/10, :  = 0.01/10. Difference between groups ^†: , ^††: