Meal Timing Habits among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 2

Proportion of respondents skipping breakfast and having late dinner across demographic characteristics.

Variable	Skipping breakfast	P value (φc)	Having late dinner	P value (φc)
	n (%)		n (%)
Age groups (years)
18–29	284 (22.3)	<0.01 (0.09)	266 (20.8)	0.01 (0.01)
30–39	66 (16.1)		77 (18.8)
40–49	48 (13.4)		48 (13.4)
≥50	42 (19.3)		37 (17.0)
Gender
Male	146 (15.4)	<0.01 (0.09)	182 (19.2)	0.81 (0.01)
Female	294 (22.4)		246 (18.8)
Marital status
Single	270 (21.8)	0.01 (0.07)	247 (19.9)	0.31 (0.04)
Married	158 (16.7)		169 (17.8)
Divorced	7 (12.3)		11 (19.3)
Widowed	5 (27.8)		1 (5.6)
Educational level
Below high-school	8 (21.1)	0.29 (0.04)	4 (10.5)	0.02 (0.07)
High-school diploma	88 (21.7)		68 (16.8)
Diploma or bachelor	318 (19.3)		334 (20.3)
Masters or Ph.D.	26 (14.9)		22 (12.6)
Nationality
Citizen	412 (19.5)	0.77 (0.01)	409 (19.4)	0.04 (0.04)
Resident	28 (18.5)		19 (12.6)
Region
Central province	102 (20.6)	0.15 (0.06)	92 (18.5)	<0.01 (0.15)
Eastern province	62 (16.1)		51 (13.3)
Northern province	45 (18.8)		38 (15.9)
Southern province	64 (17.2)		45 (12.1)
Western province	167 (21.7)		202 (26.2)
Work status
Full-time job	90 (11.6)	<0.01 (0.19)	126 (16.3)	0.01 (0.08)
Part-time job	21 (20.6)		25 (24.5)
Student	185 (20.4)		168 (18.5)
Retired	22 (18.5)		21 (17.6)
Unemployed	122 (34.1)		88 (24.6)
Working schedule
Traditional hours	235 (15.5)	<0.01 (0.15)	255 (16.8)	<0.01 (0.08)
Fixed-shift work	29 (22.3)		29 (22.3)
Rotating-shift work	32 (22.9)		39 (27.9)
Not working or studying	144 (30.4)		105 (22.2)
Monthly income (SAR)
<4,000	251 (23.9)	<0.01 (0.11)	197	0.58 (0.02)
4,000–14,000	124 (16.3)		139 (18.2)
>14,000	65 (14.5)		92 (20.6)

Note: φc, Cramer V coefficient.