Variables Case number (%) Control number (%) p -ValueCOR (95% CI) p -ValueAOR (95% CI) Educational status of mothers No formal education 141 (77.9) 244 (67.2) 0.001 3.0 (1.93, 4.66) 0.001 2.5 (1.436, 4.180) Formal education 40 (22.1) 119 (32.8) 1 Family size of households ≤4 133 (73.5) 225 (62.0) 1 >4 48 (26.5) 138 (38.0) 0.008 1.69 (1.15, 2.5) 0.21 1.(1.0, 2.917) Number of under five in the HHS ≤2 142 (78.5) 323 (89.0) 1 ≥3 39 (21.5) 40 (11.0) 0.001 2.22 (1.37, 3.6) 0.151 1.15 (.85, 2.8) Sex of children Female 105 (58.0) 177 (48.8) 0.042 1.45 (1.01, 2.08) 0.116 1.34 (0.90, 2.4) Male 76 (42.0) 186 (51.2) 1 Mother height (cm) <150 cm 122 (67.4) 126 (34.7) 0.0001 3.9 (2.66,5.68) 0.0001 4.25 (2.714, 6.66) ≥150 cm 59 (32.6) 237 (65.3) 1 Exclusive breastfeeding Less than 6 months 118 (65.2) 130 (35.8) 0.001 2.65 (1.78, 3.95) 0.001 3.16 (1.97, 5.10) At 6 months 63 (34.8) 233 (64.2) 1 Birth interval <24 months 90 (49.7) 117 (32.2) 0.020 2.09 (1.4, 2.99) 0.076 1.05 (0.964, 2.502) ≥24 months 91 (50.3) 246 (67.8) Minimum dietary diversity <4 113 (62.4) 114 (31.4) 3.63 (2.45, 5.27) 0.001 3.09 (1.97, 5.01) ≥4 (ref.) 68 (37.6) 249 (68.6) 1 Meal frequency <4 56 (58.3) 39 (19.2) 4.86 (3.30, 7.14) 0.001 5.830 (3.5, 9.6) ≥4 40 (41.7) 164 (80.8) 1 Additional food during pregnancy Yes 61 (33.7) 204 (56.2) 1 No 120 (66.3) 159 (43.8) 2.54 (1.74, 3.66) 0.0001 2.26 (1.44, 3.55) Food security (HFIAS score) Food insecure 137 (75.7) 168 (46.3) 3.61 (2.43, 5.37) 0.0001 3.08 (1.79, 5.26) Food secured 44 (24.3) 195 (53.7) 1