The Effect of Intrathecal Bupivacaine Plus Dextrose 5% and Fentanyl Compared with Bupivacaine Alone on the Onset and Duration of Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Lower-Limb Orthopedic Surgery

Table 5

Comparison of the average heart rate of two groups at different times.

	Study group time
	Control mean ± SD	Intervention mean ± SD	Result of the independent t -test
Primary	88.9 ± 9.4^a	83.2 ± 9.1	t = 1.926
			5 minutes	75.4 ± 6.2^a	80.6 ± 10.8	t = 1.839
10 minutes	71.6 ± 12.3^a	78.4 ± 12.2				t = 1.766
			15 minutes	74.2 ± 6.4^a	77.3 ± 9.7	t = 1.187
30 minutes	73 ± 6.6^a	77.2 ± 9.1				t = 1.640
			45 minutes	72.9 ± 7.2^a	78.1 ± 8	t = 2.149
60 minutes	71.5 ± 6.5^ab	77.1 ± 8.8^a				t = 2.277
			Onset injection	75.5 ± 6^a	78.6 ± 7	t = 1.500
6 hours	79 ± 6.3^adeg	79 ± 6.7				t = 0.024
			12 hours	81.6 ± 9.6^ag	81.4 ± 6.2	t = 0.058
24 hours	79.5 ± 3.4^aefg	80.6 ± 5.3				t = 0.746
			Statistical test of repeated analysis of variance	F = 15.429	F = 3.565