Elevated Circulating Angiogenic Progenitors and White Blood Cells Are Associated with Hypoxia-Inducible Angiogenic Growth Factors in Children with Sickle Cell Disease

Table 3

Angiogenic growth factors and oxidant stress markers for each Hemoglobin Group. Children with Hemoglobin SS had higher levels of three angiogenic growth factors, higher cysteine and cystine, and lower oxidized glutathione than Controls. Significant differences in the geometric means between Control and Hemoglobin SS groups are indicated by asterisks (*).

Other exposure variables	Main exposure variables (Hemoglobin Group)
	Control			Hemoglobin SS			Fold difference	𝑃 value
	𝑛	Arithmetic mean (95th% CI)	Geometric mean (95th% CI)	𝑛	Arithmetic mean (95th% CI)	Geometric mean (95th% CI)
Erythropoietin (IU/mL)	68	6.6 (4.8, 8.4)	4.2 (3.2, 5.5)	42	72.4 (55.6, 89)	56.6* (43.9, 73)	13.5	<0.001
Angiopoietin-2 (pg/mL)	45	1922 (1343, 2501)	1144 (809, 1616)	27	5946 (4661, 7231)	4968* (3820, 6461)	4.3	<0.001
SDF-1α (pg/mL)	64	2376 (2192, 2561)	2270 (2104, 2449)	38	4065 (3660, 4471)	3877* (3491, 4305)	1.7	<0.001
CyS (μM)	44	8.0 (7, 9)	7.4 (6.5, 8.4)	19	11.5 (9.5, 13.5)	10.8* (9, 13)	1.5	0.001
CySS (μM)	44	23.9 (22.3, 25.5)	23.4 (21.9, 24.9)	19	34.6 (30.4, 38.8)	33.7* (30, 37.8)	1.5	<0.001
EhCySS (mV)	44	−81.1 (−84,–78)		18	− 87.1* (−92, −83)			0.026
GSH (μM)	44	1.1 (1, 1.2)	1.0 (0.9, 1.2)	19	1.1 (0.7, 1.5)	0.89 (0.7, 1.2)		0.38
GSSG (μM)	44	0.1 (0.08, 0.1)	0.08 (0.07, 0.1)	19	0.08 (0, 0.17)	0.04* (0.02, 0.07)	0.5	0.002
EhGSSG (mV)	44	−117.2 (−121, −113)		18	‒124.1 (−132, −117)			0.11
Urinary 8-isoprostanes (ng/mL)	40	15 (9.7, 20.2)	8.88 (6.2, 12.7)	16	8.9 (7.2, 10.5)	8.4 (7, 10.1)		0.83