Effects of Sand Powder on Sulfuric Acid Resistance, Compressive Strength, Cost Benefits, and CO₂ Reduction of High CaO Fly Ash Concrete

Table 1

Chemical compositions of Portland cement type I, sand powder, and fly ashes.

Chemical compositions (% by weight)	Portland cement type I (OPC)	Sand powder (GS)	Fly ash
			Mae Moh (FAM)	BLCP (FAR)
SiO2	19.70	98.51	40.93	61.91
Al2O3	5.19	—	22.42	20.35
Fe2O3	3.34	—	13.64	5.20
CaO	64.80	—	13.63	2.32
MgO	1.20	—	2.93	1.35
Na2O	0.16	—	0.89	0.79
K2O	0.44	—	2.39	1.36
SO3	2.54	—	1.93	0.28
Free lime	0.87	—	0.22	0.19
LOI	2.10	—	0.46	5.68