Improving Wind Speed Forecasting for Urban Air Mobility Using Coupled Simulations

Table 3

WRF model configuration and input physics parameterizations.

Model parameter	Used configuration
Model and domains
Model version	ARWv4.0 [6]
Time step	Adaptative time step (36 s for D1)
Map projection	Lambert
Pressure top	50 hPa
Vertical levels	80 ()
Lateral boundary conditions	High-resolution rapid refresh (HRRR) model
Time integration scheme	Third order Runge-Kutta scheme
Time integration scheme for acoustic and gravity-wave modes	Second-order scheme
Horizontal/vertical advection	Fifth-order upwind
Scalar advection	Positive definite
Upper-level damping (for vertical propagating gravity waves)	Rayleigh damping
Computational horizontal diffusion	6th-order numerical diffusion
Forecast period	48 h (from January 1, 2010, at 12 am UTC to January 3, 2010, at 12 am UTC)
Physics
Surface layer	Monin–Obukhov similarity scheme [2]
Microphysics	Thompson scheme [28]
Long-shortwave radiation	RRTMG scheme [29]
Cumulus parameterization	Kain–Fritsch scheme [30]

η levels are 1, 0.99938147, 0.9918859506, 0.9860143, 0.9835575, 0.97480931, 0.9691238, 0.95061912, 0.938789424, 0.91847208, 0.89114445, 0.87771024, 0.8344125, 0.807124586, 0.76820505, 0.71652851, 0.6848121, 0.615978875, 0.5720332, 0.5472062, 0.5233661, 0.5004734, 0.4784906, 0.4573815, 0.4371113, 0.4176468, 0.3989559, 0.3810079, 0.3637731, 0.3472234, 0.3313315, 0.316071, 0.3014172, 0.2873457, 0.2738335, 0.2608584, 0.2483989, 0.2364347, 0.2249459, 0.2139138, 0.2033201, 0.1931475, 0.1833792, 0.173999, 0.1649918, 0.1563425, 0.1480369, 0.1400615, 0.132403, 0.1250489, 0.1179871, 0.111206, 0.1046944, 0.09844154, 0.09243726, 0.08667168, 0.08113512, 0.07581868, 0.07071351, 0.06581128, 0.06110381, 0.0565835, 0.05224282, 0.04807468, 0.04407217, 0.04022875, 0.0365381, 0.03299413, 0.02959097, 0.02632311, 0.0231851, 0.02017184, 0.01727832, 0.0144998, 0.01183172, 0.00926967, 0.006809457, 0.004447003, 0.002178475, 0.