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Article | Agent’s appearance | Inputs/sensors | Actions | Agent’s communication type | Application |
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Kurlander et al. [6] | 2D comic characters | Text; emotional wheel | Display gesture; generate text balloons | Both verbal and nonverbal | Entertainments
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Nagao and Takeuchi [7] | 3D face model | Human voice | Displays facial expressions and gestures; generates voice | Both verbal and nonverbal | Entertainments
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Vilhjalmsson and Cassell [8] | 3D upper body of a cartoon like character | Cursor key; mouse; text | Generates gestures: glance, smile, wave, head nod, raising brows | Nonverbal | Chatting |
Loyall and Bates [9] | An ellipsoid with eyes | Observes the virtual environment | Jump, turn, squash, puff up, slide, change color, move eyes, and so on | Nonverbal | Entertainment |
Mount [10] | Photo unreal representation of a female | Text input (queries by customer or visitors) | Answers queries; generates gestures: blink eyes, raising eye brows, smiles, tilts, and so on | Both verbal and nonverbal | Virtual customer care agent (Anna) in IKEA.com |
Cassell et al. [11] | Computer generated human | Camera; audio; input text | Generates voice; displays facial expression and gestures | Both verbal and nonverbal | Virtual real estate agent (REA) |
Riccardo and Peiro [12] | 3D female facial model | Input text; camera; human voice | Speaks Italian language; copies human movement | Both verbal and nonverbal | Research |
Kramer et al. [13] | Virtual male agent | Audio | Speak; displays appointments | Both verbal and nonverbal | Assistive system for elderly and cognitively impaired users |
Ameixa et al. [14] | Animated agent | Input text (user requests) | Replies using knowledge based system | Verbal | Research |
Youssef et al. [15] | Female animated agent | Camera; audio | Leads discussions; proposes conversations; reacts in response to interviewee | Both verbal and nonverbal | Virtual recruiter |
Straßmann et al. [16] | Humanoid male agent | - | Displays nonverbal behavior: dominant, submissive, cooperative, and noncooperative | Nonverbal | Research |
Kopp et al. [17] | Animated agent | Keyboard; camera; audio | Generates voice; displays nonverbal behavior | Both verbal and nonverbal | Virtual guide in a public computer museum |
Vosinakis and Panayiotopoulos [18] | 3D model of an agent/avatar or any object | - | Can use features such as path finding, inverse kinematics, and planning to achieve their goals | Nonverbal | Research |
Formolo and Bosse [19] | Animated agent | Audio; input text | Changes behavior | Nonverbal | Research |
Gratch et al. [20] | Animated agent | Camera; audio | Speaks German language; copies the gesture of one user and shows it to the other user | Both verbal and nonverbal | Entertainment |
Kim et al. [21] | 3D humanoid agent | Input text | Generates movements and dialogues; generates gaze | Both verbal and nonverbal | Social interaction |
Weise et al. [22] | Digital character | Kinect; audio | Copies the user gesture and voice | Both verbal and nonverbal | Digital game play; social interaction |
mocitotalk [23] | Animated agent | Camera; audio | Generates an animate agent, copies action, and so on | Both verbal and nonverbal | Entertainment |
Alam and Hoque [24] | Male and female agent | Input text | Generates facial expressions with motions (such as head movement and eye blinks) | Nonverbal | Chatting |
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