Determination of Lime Requirement with Compost on Acidic Ultisols for Wheat Crop in the Gurage Zone of Ethiopia

Dejene, Dereje; Yitbarek, Teshome; Jembere, Abdeta

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4307448

Applied and Environmental Soil Science

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2023 | Article ID 4307448 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4307448

Determination of Lime Requirement with Compost on Acidic Ultisols for Wheat Crop in the Gurage Zone of Ethiopia

Dereje Dejene,¹Teshome Yitbarek,¹and Abdeta Jembere¹

Academic Editor: Nour Sh. El-Gendy

Received26 Dec 2022

Revised23 Jul 2023

Accepted02 Aug 2023

Published21 Aug 2023

Abstract

Acidic soil adversely affects the plant growth and production. Various ameliorating strategies are known, but the optimum rate of lime and compost rate determination for better nutrient management and production in acid Ultisols was not well studied, so the main objective of this study was to determine optimum lime and compost rate for wheat production. A pot experiment was performed on the soil collected from Yefereze (Cheha District). The incubation trail was conducted in factorial combination of four level lime (8.44, 6.33, 4.22, and 0 t·ha⁻¹) and compost (15, 10, 5, and 0 t·ha⁻¹). The sixteen treatments were arranged in completed randomized design (CRD) with triplicate replications in the greenhouse. After 75 days, each pot that was planted with wheat and crop performance had been monitored. The textural class of the soils of the experiment was clay with strongly acidic pH. The organic carbon (2.17%) and total nitrogen content (0.17%) status was medium. The available phosphorus (Av. P) contents were very low (1.63 ppm). The experimental study result revealed that all the three rates of lime and compost continuously improve the soil pH throughout the study periods and the maximum soil pH (6.53) was obtained in combination of 8.44 t·ha⁻¹ and 10 t·ha⁻¹ lime and compost, respectively. The compost amended treatment indicated slight improvement in soil reaction which assert that using compost alone did not reduce soil acidity within 75-day periods in strongly acidic soil condition for suitable wheat production. Liming alone or integrated application increases soil pH (4.69 to 6.53), cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) (27.18 to 31.58 cmol_ckg⁻¹), exchangeable calcium (3.56 to 8.43 cmol_ckg⁻¹), available phosphorus (Av.P) (1.63 to 5.27 ppm), total nitrogen (TN) (0.19 to 0.24 ppm), and exchangeable acidity reduced (0.73 cmol_ckg⁻¹ to trace). Integrated application of 8.44 and 5 t·ha⁻¹ lime and compost rates improve the overall soil property and maximize the wheat yield by 24.26%. Generally, the limiting factor for wheat production of the study area was the acidity of the soil. The combined application of lime and compost raised the pH and improved the suitability of the soil for wheat production. However, the status of Av. P was low after the amendment, and it is advisable to integrate phosphorus containing fertilizer in addition to lime and compost for optimum and sustainable production of wheat in the study area. Since the incubation and greenhouse experiment were conducted in a controlled environment, there is a need for field verification. It is also advisable to assess the economic feasibility of the different rates of lime and compost for an appropriate soil management decision.

1. Introduction

Worldwide, 30% of arable land is under the influence of soil acidity [1]; according to [2], nearly 41% of the Ethiopian total land is affected by soil acidity, and moderately to weakly acidic soil (4.5–5.5) accounts for 27.8%, while the remaining 13.2% is strongly acidic (pH (soil reaction) <4.5). Soil acidity can be raised because of different factors such as rainfall, temperature, topographic, cultivation, and crop residue managements [1].

Nutrient availability in soil depends on the pH value of soils. Most of the essential plant nutrients are available in the pH range of 5.5 to 6.8; however, soil acidity is a major growth-proscribing issue for plants in many parts of the world [3]. Farmers can reduce the effects of soil acidic by liming to adjust pH to the levels required by the crop. Benefits of liming include improvement of nutrient availability and improvement of soil structure and increase rates of infiltration. Understanding soil pH is essential for the proper management of soil and crop productivity.

Soil acidity reduces nutrient availability which could affect crop yields [4] and degrade the agroecosystem [5]. Soil acidity consists of three components: active, exchangeable, and residual acidity. Active acidity is the activity of H⁺ ions in the soil solution. The concentration of hydrogen ions owing to active acidity is extremely small; however, it is important because this form of soil acidity directly affects the environment to which plants and microbes are exposed [6]. Strong soil acidity also has pronounced deficiency in phosphorus (P), Ca, Mg, molybdenum (Mo), and potassium (K) and toxic concentration of Fe, Al, hydrogen (H), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) [7]. Nutrient deficiency and toxicity in strongly acidic soil highly affect nutrient uptakes, severe injury to plant roots, plant susceptibility to pathogen, and stunted plant growths [8, 9]. High P fixation by Al and Fe reduces its availability [10]. Liming of soil can raise soil pH to the ideal level by reducing the concentrations of H⁺ and Al³⁺ as the result chemical properties of the soil improved and the yields of a crop can increase by 0.5 t·ha⁻¹ [11, 12]. In addition to lime, organic sources of amendments such as plant residue, organic waste compost, animal residue, and biochar reduce soil acidity and Al saturation and as a result improve suitable conditions for plant growth [5, 13].

Previous studies asserted that soil acidity affects large areas of the cultivated lands in different parts of Ethiopia [14, 15], and the wheat growing farmers of the areas have been forced to shift to tolerant crops [16]. Soil characterization and classification research conducted in the study area showed that the soils were strongly acidic (pH (H₂O) of 4.5 to 4.9) [17]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to ameliorate those acid soils for optimum and sustainable agricultural production. Addition of inputs such as lime, manure, and compost to acidic soils is potentially a feasible approach for increasing soil pH and decreasing concentrations of Al [18, 19] for optimum and sustainable crop production. However, there is a research need for the sole and combined application rates of those inputs for a specific crop and agroecological area.

Although organic and inorganic amendments have significant contribution to reduce soil acidity and improve soil fertility, the amount and the time of sole or combined applications of lime and organic fertilizer were not sufficiently investigated in various areas of Ethiopia. Lime rate determination methods used in Ethiopia were acid saturation and buffering methods, which are time-consuming [20]. Integrated application of lime and compost rates were not investigated as soil acidity reclamation alternative methods in the study area. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to determine lime and compost application rates based on soil pH in incubation trials; (2) to examine the change in selected chemical properties; and (3) to evaluate crop performance as a result of the amendments.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Description of the Soil Sampling Site

The trail was taken place in the Wolkite University compound in the temporary constructed shed. The soil sampling was located from the Cheha district of the Yefereze research site of Wolkite University, and the soil sampling area geographically lies between latitude 8°00′00″ and 8°20′00″N and longitude 37°40′00″ and 38°10′00″ E (Figure 1). The mean annual rainfall is 1216 mm, and the mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures are 26° C and 17° C, respectively (Figure 2). Based on the Ethiopian agroecological zonation, the sampling site is located in the “Woyenadega” agro-ecological zone.

2.2. Soil Sample Collection

Based on the preliminary assessment, characterization, and classification studies performed in Gurage zone soils, the soil sampling areas experienced the soil acidity problem so that the sampling site was purposefully selected and the soil sample has been collected at a depth of 0–20 cm for incubation and wheat performance study. Composite soil samples were collected at a depth of 0–20 cm. The soil samples were taken on April 21, 2021, and the experiment involving incubation trials began on May 1, 2021 and ended on July 9, 2021. Wheat seeds were planted and harvested in October 2021. The composite soil samples were brought to the Wolkite University for soil pH, color, bulk density, and measurement. Before conducting an incubation trail, soil texture, organic matter, CEC, exchangeable acidity, and exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K, and Na) were determined at the Ethiopia National Soil Testing Laboratory.

2.3. Incubation Trial

The incubation trail was performed to establish the relationship between soil pH with lime and the compost rate. Four levels of lime and compost were combined in factorial arrangement, and a total of sixteen treatments were arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) in the laboratory. In each pot, 2 kg of soil was weighed and placed and amendments were added based on the rates presented in Table 1. The moisture of the soil sample in pots was maintained at 65% of the field capacity, and each pot is intermittently weighted in sensitive balance to determine weight loss due to moisture drop, and based on the reduced amount, distilled water was added. Soil pH in water at a ratio of 1 : 2.5 was recorded periodically (15 days interval) for seventy-five days by taking 5 gm of soil from each treatment and dried at room temperature, and the dried soil samples were grinded using mortar and pestle. Finally, after the incubation trail was completed, the soil samples from each pot were collected and analyzed for CEC, TN, available phosphorous, exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), and exchangeable acidity as presented in soil and compost physicochemical properties’ determination based on the standard laboratory procedure indicated in Section 2.6.

2.4. Experimental Design and Treatments for Wheat Performance Evaluation in Greenhouse

The pot experiment was conducted using 16 treatments (Table 2). Four rates of lime and four rates of compost were combined in factorial arrangement (Table 1), and the treatments were arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Lime (CaCO₃) with 56% of CaO taken from Buie Lime Mill Enterprise and compost from Hamburg consultancy service, Addis Ababa, were used. The compost and lime were thoroughly mixed with the soil.

The greenhouse experiment was tested to see the effects of lime and compost on the wheat performance. In the beginning, the incubation experiment was conducted in 48 pots. Its dimensions (22 cm diameter, 16 cm height, and 24 cm bottom width) were used for 75 days to get designed soil pH for wheat planting. After the first experiment was completed, each one of 48 pots was filled with three kg of air-dried and sieved acidic soils with predetermined lime and compost rates as presented in Table 1. The pots filled with acidic soil were stayed for 75 days immediately after indicating that 75 days planted with twelve (12) seed per pot wheat variety called “Digalu” was used as the test crop. The fertilizer was added to each treatment except for control at the rate of 46 kg·ha⁻¹N and P₂O₅. Watering was conducted periodically based on weight loss. The crop was harvested after 105 days, and plant height, biomass, and grain yield data were collected.

2.5. Lime Application and Crop Management

Three kilograms’ soil sample was placed in plastic pots, and each received treatment indicated amounts of lime as well as composts and were thoroughly mixed using a glass rod (Table 2). Treatments were periodically weighed and brought back to initial weight to maintain moisture contents at 65% during the incubation time as explained in Section 2.3 and wheat performance evaluation. After the incubation period was completed (after 75 days), 12 seeds of wheat were sown and agronomic management such as weeding was executed continuously until maturity and watering was carried out based on weight loss after weight determination of each pot. During wheat maturity, all the wheat plants in each pot were counted. Plant height was also determined using a measuring tape from the pot surface level to the tip of each wheat stand, biomass yield was estimated by weighing the whole biomass harvest above the roots, and grain yield was obtained after separating spike from wheat grain.

2.6. Soil and Compost Physicochemical Properties’ Determination

Soil bulk density was determined by the procedure outlined by Black [21]. Soil colors in moist and dry condition have been identified using a Munsell color chart [22]. Soil pH was measured in 1 : 2.5 soils to water suspension [23]. The soil texture was determined using the hydrometer method [24]. The organic carbon (OC) was analyzed following the wet digestion method described by [25]. The Kjeldahl procedure has been followed for the determination of N that follows oxidation of the same concentrated sulfuric acid and converting the nitrogen in the organic compounds into ammonium sulphate during oxidation. Available phosphorus (P) has been determined according to the [26] method by shaking the soil samples with an extraction solution of 0.5M sodium bicarbonate (Na₂HCO₃) at a constant pH of 8.5, and phosphorus in the extract was determined calorimetrically using a spectrometer after developing blue colors.

Exchangeable bases have been extracted by excess ammonium acetate (1M NH₄OAc at pH 7) solution and measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) and flame photometer (Na⁺ and K⁺). The CEC was determined from ammonium saturated samples which were subsequently replaced by Na⁺ from a percolating sodium chloride solution. The excess salt was removed by 96% ethanol, and the NH₄⁺ ion that would be displaced by Na⁺ ion was measured by the Kjeldahl procedure [27].

2.7. Statistical Analysis

The effects of different rates of lime and compost treatments on soil chemical properties and wheat performance were assessed by two-way analysis of variance using SAS statistical package software version 9.2. Significance differences among treatments were analyzed at the 0.05 probability level using least significant difference (LSD). Regression analysis was conducted using soil pH and lime and compost rate.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Soil Physicochemical Properties of the Experimental Soil and Compost

The summary of soil physicochemical properties is presented in Table 3. The soil in sampled area was classified as TypicHaplustults [27]. The soil reaction was very strongly acidic [28]. The CEC of an experimental soil was high (27.24 cmol_ckg⁻¹) as the rating set by [29]. According to [25], Av.P contents were very low (1.63 ppm), and very low availability was due to its fixation by Al and Fe ions in strongly acidic soils [30]. The organic carbon (2.17%) and total nitrogen content (0.17%) status was medium [31]. Exchangeable acidity of the soil under investigation was high (0.73 cmol_ckg⁻¹) because in acidic soil, hydrogen and aluminum ions occupy a larger proportion of the exchangeable site [32]. The compost properties were characterized by measuring pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and sodium.

3.2. Soil Reaction and Amendment Rate Relationships

Previous studies asserted that application of lime and organic matter increased the soil pH and crop yield and improved soil physical and chemical properties [16, 33]. In this study, the application of lime and compost in different rates changes the soil pH. In this incubation trail, small pH changes nearly for one month were observed, but after one month, dramatic soil pH changes in treatments were observed (Figure 3). All the three rates of lime continuously improve the soil pH (4.90) throughout the study periods, and the maximum soil pH (6.53) was obtained in combination with 8.44 t·ha⁻¹and 10 t·ha⁻¹ lime and compost, respectively. The raise in soil pH by the combined application of lime and compost might be due to reduction in H⁺ and Al³⁺ concentration in the soil solution by the neutralizing and buffering ability of lime and compost [34]. The sole compost amended treatment indicated slight improvement in soil reaction which asserts that using compost alone did not reduce soil acidity within 75-day periods (Figure 3) in strongly acidic soil condition for suitable wheat production. The minimum recommended soil pH for wheat production is 5.5 [35]. In general, as the lime and compost rates increased, the soil pH would also increase that indicates quantity of lime and compost integrated application had a linear relationship with soil pH; this has been mathematically represented in the following equations (1) and (2). These two equations are helpful to determine the lime rate alone and integrated application of lime and compost based on the initial soil pH.

3.3. Effect of Liming on Selected Soil Chemical Properties

The chemical properties found in the soil have been changed after incubation trial with different levels of lime rates [36, 37]. According to [38], application of lime effectively increased the soil pH from extremely acidic to medium and neutral ranges. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the incubated soil has been significantly increased in lime and compost treated pots; the highest (31.58 cmol_ckg⁻¹) value was obtained in treatment two (8.44 t·ha⁻¹and 10 t·ha⁻¹ lime and compost, respectively) (Table 3). This highest value implies that lime and compost have a significant effect in increasing the CEC of soils through isomorphic substitutions. Similar to CEC, the exchangeable calcium contents were changed from 3.56 cmol_ckg⁻¹ in control to 8.43 cmol_ckg⁻¹ in 8.44 t·ha⁻¹ lime. Appreciable amounts of Ca had occurred as a result of combined application of lime and composts that would neutralize the soil acidity (Table 4). Along with an increase of free Ca²⁺, the Al³⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio drops significantly and one may assume that the negative effects of acidification have been largely alleviated [39]. Generally, lime and compost have the potential to increase the status of pH, CEC, and exchangeable bases which in turn improve the suitability of soils for crop production.

3.4. Nutrient Availability after Incubation

The available phosphorus (Av.P) concentration of the incubated soil was significantly increased than the control (Table 5). Based on the research conducted in acid soils of Ebantu District, Western Highlands of Ethiopia, the status of Av. P increased by 45% over the control due to the application of lime and organic matter [40]. This might be due to the conversion of unavailable P into available form because of the raise in pH and reduction of exchangeable acidity [41]. However, in the study area, the status of Av. P was not high, which indicates that the soils inherently have a deficiency in Av. P. Therefore, there is a need to consider phosphorus containing fertilizer in addition to lime and compost to optimize crop production in sustainable manner.

Incubation caused an increase in N from 0.19% (control) to 0.24% (the treatment that received 6.33 and 10 t·ha⁻¹ lime and compost, respectively). As the soil acidity level decreased through liming, mineralization would take place as a result of favored microbial activities because liming minimizes the soil acidity level and improves mineralization of nitrogen. According to Uchida [42] study report, decomposition of residues and return of larger amount of nitrogen are rapid in the soil pH range of 6.0–6.5. Similarly, application of lime increases nitrate-N concentration in soil after incubation [43]. The exchangeable acidity also significantly reduced in lime-treated plots, but as the lime rate gets reduced to 4.22 t·ha⁻¹, the exchangeable acidity has been increased. The mechanisms that reduced soil acidity in the experimental soil were displacement of Al³⁺ and H⁺ ions from the soil sorption sites by Ca²⁺ from lime [44]. Additions of organic amendments reduce exchangeable acidity by precipitating excess soluble Al [45].

3.5. Crop Performance and Liming

Integrated application of lime and compost in the rates of 8.44 and 5 t·ha⁻¹, respectively, significantly increases wheat grain and biomass yields, but the plant height was higher in lime treatments without compost (Table 5). The study asserted that the combined application of lime and compost at the rate of 8.44 and 5 t·ha⁻¹ showed optimum crop performance because several chemical properties of the soil were improved, which were helpful in improving plant growth in acid soil [30, 42]. The study conducted in the acidic soils of northwestern Ethiopia showed that application of 2 t·ha⁻¹ lime, 6 t·ha⁻¹ compost alone and their combination increased wheat grain yield by 24.6%, 42%, and 97.5%, respectively, as compared to the control [45]. Wheat yield improvement could explain by reduction of exchangeable acidity from its toxic concentration to trace. As the same time, availability of nutrients could be improved to optimize plant growth and yields. The lowest plant height and biomass were obtained from the control plot. The study revealed that soil acidity limits plant growth and consequently crop yield.

As it is presented in Tables 5 and 6, lime, compost, and integrated application increase soil pH and nutrient availability which increased wheat yields and associated plant growth parameters. Sole and combined application of lime and compost increased wheat grain yields, but the maximum yield (24.26%) was obtained in integrated application of lime and compost. The compost has the potential to reduce the Al³⁺ toxicity through the formation of organo Al complexes [35] and increase the quality of wheat flour due to the increase in the amount of gluten protein [46].

4. Conclusions

The experimental soil had strongly acidic pH that adversely affects plant nutrient availability which in turn affects crop yield. The sole and integrated application of lime and compost had increased the pH status of the soil. Acid soil amelioration using integrated approaches was improved due to soil reaction, CEC, exchangeable Ca, Av. P, and reduced exchangeable acidity. The overall soil chemical properties’ improvement results in better nutrient availability that would favor wheat growth and yields. As the incubation experiment indicated, the minimum time required to achieve the desired soil pH was seventy-five days. Compost application alone does not reduce soil acidity within the seventy-five day period. Within this time frame, the treatment received 8.44 limes combined with 5 t·ha⁻¹ and the compost attained desired soil pH and better wheat yields. Since the incubation and greenhouse experiment were conducted in a controlled environment, there is a need for field verification. It is also advisable to assess the economic feasibility of the different rates of lime and compost for an appropriate soil management decision.

Data Availability

All the data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge Wolkite University for financial support, Hamburg Consultancy Service for the provision of compost free of charge, Cheha District Bureau of Agriculture for the provision of lime, and National Soil Testing Center for soil data analysis.

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Copyright © 2023 Dereje Dejene et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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