Assessing the Spatial Variability of Soil Properties to Delineate Nutrient Management Zones in Smallholder Maize-Based System of Nigeria

Table 1

Descriptive statistics of soil properties.

Soil properties	Mean	SD	CV	Kurtosis	Skewness	Minimum	Maximum	Shapiro–Wilk test
Sand (%)	47.35	15.05	31.78	−1.57	0.18	21.00	69.20	<0.0001
Silt (%)	25.38	11.25	44.33	−1.01	−0.34	7.60	49.00	<0.0001
Clay (%)	27.75	8.14	29.35	0.07	−0.56	2.00	44.72	<0.0001
pH (1:1)	6.27	0.52	8.24	0.11	−0.02	4.92	8.10	0.133
OC (%)	0.66	0.23	34.34	3.49	1.19	0.14	1.90	<0.0001
TN (%)	0.06	0.02	37.90	6.66	1.90	0.02	0.19	<0.0001
Av.P (mg kg^−1)	5.26	4.19	79.59	13.07	3.03	0.08	34.08	<0.0001
Ca (cmol+ kg^−1)	3.88	1.72	44.20	0.60	0.81	0.80	9.53	<0.0001
Mg (cmol+ kg^−1)	1.21	0.55	45.93	4.86	1.58	0.20	4.57	<0.0001
K (cmol+ kg^−1)	0.29	0.25	83.62	15.20	3.06	0.09	2.24	<0.0001
Na (cmol+ kg^−1)	0.14	0.05	37.29	7.39	2.47	0.01	0.40	<0.0001
ECEC (cmol+ kg^−1)	5.59	2.21	39.56	0.80	0.87	1.45	13.72	<0.0001
Zn (mg kg^−1)	13.60	21.81	160.35	8.88	2.82	0.54	128.48	<0.0001
Cu (mg kg^−1)	1.99	2.65	133.01	63.22	7.15	0.23	30.57	<0.0001
Mn (mg kg^−1)	83.09	60.27	72.54	11.73	2.69	0.04	482.33	<0.0001
Fe (mg kg^−1)	134.31	47.51	35.37	4.23	1.25	50.12	420.76	<0.0001

Note. SD: standard deviation, CV: coefficient of variation, OC: organic carbon, TN: total nitrogen, Av.P: available phosphorus, Ca: calcium, Mg: magnesium, Na: sodium, K: exchangeable potassium, ECEC: effective cation exchange capacity, Zn: zinc, Cu: copper, Mn: manganese, Fe: iron, and EA: exchangeable acidity.