Advances in Civil Engineering

Review Article

Mechanical Strength and Microstructure Properties of Concrete Incorporating Copper Slag as Fine Aggregate: A State-of-the-Art Review

Table 5

A summary of mechanical strength in concrete when containing CS as a replacement for fine aggregate.


Mechanical strength pattern	CS replacement ratio	w/b	Type of the concrete	Age	Activator/ dosage	Change range of control compared to optimum (MPa)	The optimum dosages (%)	Remarks	Ref.

Compressive strength	0,10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 by weight	0.35	HSC	7 days 28 days	7.9 L/m³	76.6–79.6 93.9–99.8	10	—	[2]
	0,10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90, and 100 by weight	0.35	HSC	7 days 28 days 90 days	7.9 L/m	75.7 89.0 93.5	control	—	[21]
	0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 by weight	0.3	HSC	7 days 28 days 90 days	4 kg/m³	81 99 103	Control	—	[18]
	0,10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 by weight	0.5	NSC	7 days 28 days	—	36.2–40.2 45.0–47.1	20 40	—	[69]
	0,10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 by weight	0.4	SCC	7 days 28 days 90 days 365 days	1.2%	20.54–24.0 35.63–38.55 43.57–46.8 45.56–48.01	20	—	[68]
	0,10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90, and 100 by weight	—	HSGPC	3 days 7 days 28 days	—	6.30–11.83 18.79–26.14 30.08–40.17	90	Ambient-cured	[70]
	0,10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90, and 100 by weight	—	HSGPC	3 days 7 days 28 days	—	30.23–57.8 35.38–63.21 39.08–63.40	90	Steam-cured	[70]
	0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and, 100 by weight	—	AAM	28 days	—	31.0–34.5	20	—	[71]
	0, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 by weight	0.4	CM	28 days 56 days 90 days	—	24.6–42.7 25.3–44.5 27.0–50.3	50	—	[69]

Tensile strength	0,10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 by weight	0.35	HSC	28 days	7.9 L/m³	5.4–6.2	20	—	[2]
	0,10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90 and 100 by weight	0.35	HSC	28 days	7.9 L/m	5.2	Control	—	[21]
	0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 by weight	0.3	HSC	28 days	4 kg/m³	5.6	Control	—	[18]
	0,10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 by weight	0.5	NSC	28 days	—	3.0–4.1	50	—	[69]

Flexural strength	0,10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 by weight	0.35	HSC	28 days	7.9 L/m³	14.6	Control	—	[2]
	0,10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90 and 100 by weight	0.35	HSC	28 days	7.9 L/m	11.7	Control	—	[21]
	0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 by weight	0.3	HSC	28 days	4 kg/m³	9.3–9.6	40	—	[18]
	0,10, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 by weight	0.5	NSC	28 days	—	7.7	Control	—	[69]
	0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and, 100 by weight	—	AAM	28 days	—	5.6–5.08	20	—	[71]

Note. HSC: high-strength concrete; NSC: normal strength concrete; CM: cement mortar; SCC: self-compacting concrete; HSGPC: high-strength geopolymer concrete; AAM: alkali-activated material; control strength is better than CS replacements.