Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Project Risks in China: 2003–2019

Table 5

Evolution path of PPP projects risk level in China.

Year	HH quadrant	LH quadrant	LL quadrant	HL quadrant
2003	Heilongjiang, Jilin, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Yunnan	Liaoning, Beijing, Hubei, Sichuan, and Guangdong	Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Henan, and Hebei	Hainan, Tianjin, Fujian, Jiangxi, and Anhui
2008	Heilongjiang, Jilin, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan	Liaoning, Beijing, Hubei, and Guangdong	Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Henan, and Hebei	Hainan, Tianjin, Fujian, Jiangxi, and Anhui
2010	Heilongjiang, Jilin, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Sichuan	Liaoning, Beijing, Hubei, and Guangdong	Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Henan, and Hebei	Hainan, Tianjin, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hunan, and Guangxi
2014	Heilongjiang, Jilin, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Tianjin, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Yunnan	Liaoning, Beijing, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, and Guangdong	Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Henan, and Anhui	Hainan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, and Hebei
2017	Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Yunnan	Hunan, Beijing, Hubei, Sichuan, and Guangdong	Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Henan, Hebei, and Anhui	Hainan, Tianjin, Fujian, Jiangxi, and Guangxi
2019	Heilongjiang, Jilin, Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Shanxi, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Yunnan	Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, and Guangdong	Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Anhui, Fujian, and Henan	Hainan, Tianjin, Guangxi, and Jiangxi

Note. The first quadrant is high–high (HH), which means the area with high PPP project risk value is surrounded by other areas with high PPP project risk value. The second quadrant is low–high (LH), which means: the area with low PPP project risks value is surrounded by other areas with high PPP project risks. The third quadrant is low–low (LL), which means the area with low PPP project risk value is surrounded by other areas with low PPP project risks. The fourth quadrant is high-low (HL), which means the area with high PPP project risk value is surrounded by other areas with low PPP project risks. The phenomenon means that there are more provinces with “high–high” and “low–low” clusters than those with “high–low” and “low–high” clusters.