Experimental Study on the Shear Strength of Dune Sand Concrete Beams

Li, Zhiqiang; Ma, Rui; Li, Gang

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8062691

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Abstract Introduction Materials Results Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 8062691 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8062691

Experimental Study on the Shear Strength of Dune Sand Concrete Beams

Zhiqiang Li,¹Rui Ma,¹and Gang Li¹

Academic Editor: Giovanni Minafò

Received02 Jul 2019

Revised13 Dec 2019

Accepted16 Dec 2019

Published09 Jan 2020

Abstract

An experimental study was performed to investigate the shear strength of concrete beams made with dune sand (DS) from the Gurbantunggut Desert in the Chinese province of Xinjiang. The test consisted of 3 series of beams which explored the shear properties of dune sand concrete (DSC) beams. The failure mode, crack pattern, load deflection, and stirrup strain were investigated. Meanwhile, the effect of shear span-to-depth ratio (), stirrup ratio, and dune sand replacement ratio on the shear strength of DSC beams was discussed. The results showed that the dune sand replacement ratio had insignificant influence on the failure mode of beams, so it was feasible to use DS to fabricate beams in regions of Xinjiang in China. Furthermore, the measured shear strengths of the DSC beams were compared with the calculated values of current design codes, and the results indicated that the shear strength of DSC beams was not precisely predicted by current design codes. Therefore, a modified formula was proposed to calculate the shear strength of DSC beams.

1. Introduction

The province of Xinjiang is located in the northwest of China, and nearly a quarter of Xinjiang is covered with DS due to dry continental climatic conditions [1]. The region of Xinjiang is characterized by a lack of natural fine aggregate resources. However, this region hosts a multitude of construction activities that require many aggregates for the one-belt-one-road policy. At the same time, transporting aggregates from other regions is expensive and uneconomical. Previous works of literature [2, 3] have shown that sand concrete can be applied in areas where aggregate resources are in short supply for economic or environmental reasons. Therefore, using DS as a fine aggregate resource will provide an alternative solution to these problems.

The content and fineness of aggregates have significant influence on the mechanical properties of concrete (strength, workability, and shrinkage). Therefore, numerous studies on the various properties of DSC were carried out. The early research on concrete made with DS from Algeria was carried out by Bédérina et al. [4], and their study mainly investigated the promotion of local DS and reuse of various wastes. The results showed that better mechanical properties could be obtained by mixing dune and river sands in predetermined proportions. Guettala and Mezghiche [5, 6] repeated the study by adding dune sand powder (DSP) as a part mass addition to Portland cement, and the results proved that DSP presented a partial pozzolanic reactivity. Belferrag et al. [7] repeated the study by using waste metal fibers to improve the compressive strength of DSC and cement mortar.

Bederina et al. [8, 9] investigated the lightweight concrete made with DS by adding wood shavings to form a lightweight sand concrete and to strengthen its thermal properties, and the results showed that the DSC exhibited good thermal conductivities. Amel et al. [10] studied the mechanical and thermal lightweight concrete properties by adding DS and pumice. Damene et al. [11] investigated the porosity, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity of lightweight cellular concrete by adding lime and aluminium content on elaborated concrete made with southern Algeria dune sand.

Bouziani et al. [12] optimized the content of DS in construction in Saharan regions of Algeria, and this study was repeated by Hadjoudja et al. [13] and Zaitri et al. [14] by adding fiber and limestone rock in DSC.

Benmerioul et al. [15] studied the compressive strength, workability, and shrinkage of self-compacting concrete made utilizing ground DS. The aftereffects of this exploration demonstrated that the workability and shrinkage of concrete decreased with an increase in DS replacement levels; however, the short-term mechanical properties such as 28-day compressive strength improved.

The early research on concrete made with DS from China was carried by Zhang et al. [16], and their study was mainly about investigating the mechanical properties of mortar and concrete prepared from Tenggeli sand and Maowusu sand as fine aggregate. The test results showed that DS could be used as a fine aggregate in mortar and concrete for ordinary civil engineering, and the properties of DSC were different when the DS came from different desert regions. Jiang et al. [17] repeated the study to investigate the mechanical and durability properties and microstructure of mixtures made with DS, and the results suggested that the DS could be applied as substitution for ordinary concrete in hydraulic engineering.

Al-Harthy et al. [18] studied the mechanical properties and workability of concrete made with DS in Oman, and tests found that the mechanical strength of DSC is similar to that of conventional natural aggregate concrete (NAC), when the concrete mixes were designed properly.

Luo et al. [19] studied the properties of concrete made with DS from Australian deserts, and results showed that the performance of DSC would vary according to the S/C ratio.

Abu Seif [20] presented the engineering properties of concrete made with DS from Egypt. The results of the tests indicated the compressive strength of concrete decreased with increasing DS content.

Alhozaimy et al. [21, 22] investigated compressive strength and microstructure properties of concrete and mortar containing white sand and DS from Saudi Arabia, and results indicated that the compressive strength of mortar increased as the level of replacement increased under autoclave curing. Alawad et al. [23] repeated the study to analyze the microstructure of DSC by SEM, EDX, XRD, DAT, and TGA. Abu Seif et al. [24] studied the mortar and concrete made with DS in the area of Saudi Arabia, and tests showed that the compressive strength and workability of the DSC and cement mortar were both suitable when the volume of sand does not exceed 50% of the total fine aggregate.

Lee et al. [25] investigated the drying shrinkage cracking of DSC and revealed the correlation between compressive strength and DS/FA. Park et al. [26] evaluated the rheological properties of concrete made with DS and analyzed the plastic viscosity of concrete.

Wang et al. [27] investigated the properties of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) stub columns and beams using DS as part of the fine aggregate. Ren et al. [28] studied the performance of CFST stub columns under axial compression, and tests indicated that it was possible to use DS instead of conventional sand to fabricate CFST columns in the desert areas of China.

Beam is one of the important components of the structure, so numerous studies have been carried out in previously literatures [29–35]. However, comparably rare research on the shear behaviour of DSC beams has been carried out. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to investigate , stirrup ratio, and dune sand replacement ratio on the shear strength of DSC beams. This study also investigated the failure mode, crack pattern, load deflection, and stirrup strain of DSC beams. Furthermore, a modified formula was proposed to calculate the shear strength of DSC beams.

2. Materials and Experimental Methods

2.1. Materials and Mixture Proportions

In this study, all the specimens were cast with a target cube compressive strength of 40 MPa. Ordinary Portland cement with grade 42.5 and the fly ash with grade I were used for all the concrete mixtures according to the Chinese Code GB50010-2010 [36]. The fine and coarse aggregates used were river natural sand taken from the Manas River in Xinjiang province of China. The fine aggregate’s size ranged from 0.4 mm to 2.5 mm, and coarse aggregate’s size ranged from 5 mm to 20 mm. The DS used in the concrete mixtures was taken from the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang province. The properties of DS are presented in Table 1. The HSC brand superplasticizer was used in all the mixtures. The properties of HSC is presented in Table 2. The water used was tap water. The mix proportion of DSC is presented in Table 3.

A standard rotating drum mixer was used to mix all the materials. And the specimens were fabricated according to mix proportion in Table 3. Both the concrete cubes and beams were placed in appropriate molds. When the concrete was vibrated, the specimens were cured in a natural environment until 28 days. The compressive strengths (), tensile strength (), and elastic modulus () were determined according to Xiao et al. [37], Chinese Code GB50010-2010 [36], and ACI318 [38], as shown in Table 4.

2.2. Details of Test Beams

3 series of beams (see Table 4 and Figure 1) were designed and constructed using DSC. For series B1, the dune sand replacement ratio and the stirrup ratio were the same, while ranged from 1.0 to 3.0. For series B2, and the stirrup ratio were the same, while the dune sand replacement ratio ranged from 0% to 80%. For series B3, and the dune sand replacement ratio were the same, while the stirrup ratio ranged from 0.45% to 0.67%.

(a)

(b)

, dune sand replacement ratio, stirrup ratio, and reinforcement ratio all conform to Chinese Code GB50010-2010 [36]. is the ratio of shear span to depth; the “dune sand replacement ratio” is the ratio of dune sand to fine aggregate; the “stirrup ratio” is , where is the area of the stirrup, is the width of beam, and is the stirrup spacing; the “reinforcement ratio” is , where is the area of all longitudinal reinforcement and is the cross-sectional area of a beam.

All the beams were of cross section 150 mm × 300 mm, and all the beams were defined by the reinforcement ratio % (2φ16). The beams tested in series B1 had a clear length of 1300 mm, 1700 mm, 2100 mm, and 2500 mm due to different , while the beams tested in series B2 and series B3 had the same clear length of 1300 mm. The properties of longitudinal reinforcement and stirrup are shown in Table 5.

2.3. Test Setup and Measurements

The test setup is shown in Figure 1(a), and the details of test beam are shown in Figure 1(b). The beams were tested in four-point bending. The supports were placed to allow for deflection, 150 mm from each end of the beam. The load was transferred to the load points via a steel I-beam. The load was applied with a rate of 0.50 mm/min. All the beams were loaded until failure.

The linear variance displacement transducer (LVDT) used to measure the displacement was placed under the center of the beam, and the strain gauges were connected to the stirrup to measure strain (see Figure 1). Data were recorded by a data acquisition machine, and the cracks formed on the surface of the beam were marked by manual record.

3. Results

3.1. Failure Mode and Crack Pattern

The experimentally obtained crack patterns of series B1 are plotted in Figure 2. The figure showed that had significant influence on the failure mode of beams. The beam B1-1 failed in diagonal shear; B1-2, B1-3, and B1-4 failed in bending-shear; and B1-5 failed in bending.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

The main failure process of beam B1-1 could be described as follows: when the load was about 30% of ultimate strength, short diagonal cracks propagated at the bottom of the beam between the load points and support. With the load increase, the diagonal crack extended towards the load points. Finally, when the load was close to the ultimate strength, one crack led to sudden and catastrophic failure, and the failure was solely due to the diagonal tension crack that propagated between the load point and the support.

The main failure process of beams B1-2, B1-3, and B1-4 could be described as follows: when the load was about 30% of ultimate strength, short vertical cracks propagated at the bottom of the beam between the load points. With the load increase, the diagonal cracks appeared between the load points and support. Finally, when the load was close to the ultimate strength, the concrete in the zone of the beam near the load plates was crushed, and the failure was due to diagonal tension cracks and bending cracks.

For the beam of B1-5, the main failure process was similar to that of B1-2, B1-3, and B1-4, but the bending cracks were evident, and the failure was due to bending cracks.

In a word, more and more vertical cracks formed with the increase of in the test beams, and the ultimate strength was reduced with the increase of .

The experimentally obtained crack patterns of series B2 are plotted in Figure 3. The figure showed that all of the beams failed in bending-shear, and the main failure process and crack patterns of series B2 were similar to that of B1-2. The dune sand replacement ratio had insignificant influence on the failure mode of beams because the DSC strength of series B2 was close and the bearing capability of the beams was approximately equal.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

The experimentally obtained crack patterns of series B3 are plotted in Figure 4. The figure showed that the stirrup ratio had insignificant influence on the failure mode of beams. All of the beams failed in bending-shear, and the main failure process of series B3 was similar to that of B1-2. However, the crack patterns of series B3 were different with B1-2. More and more diagonal cracks formed with the increase of stirrup ratio, and the ultimate strength was increased with the increase of stirrup ratio.

(a)

(b)

(c)

3.2. Load-Deflection Curve

The load-deflection curves of beams are grouped to examine , dune sand replacement ratio, and stirrup ratio as shown in Figure 5.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 5(a) shows the load-deflection curves of series B1. When increased from 1.0 to 3.0, the ultimate strength of DSC beams significantly decreased; however, the damaged deflection significantly increased.

Figure 5(b) shows the load-deflection curves of series B2. When the dune sand replacement ratio increased from 0% to 80%, the ultimate strength of DSC beams insignificantly decreased and the damaged deflection insignificantly increased. In a word, the dune sand replacement ratio could not improve the ultimate strength and damaged deflection of series B2.

Figure 5(c) shows the load-deflection curves of series B3. When the stirrup ratio increased from 0.45% to 0.56%, the ultimate strength of DSC beams significantly increased and the damaged deflection insignificantly decreased. However, when the stirrup ratio increased from 0.56% to 0.67%, the ultimate strength and damaged deflection of B3‐3 were almost the same with those of B3‐2.

3.3. Stirrup Strain

The development of stirrup strain of S-3 for specimens is presented in Figure 6.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 6(a) shows the load stirrup strain curves of series B1. There is significant difference in stirrup strain values among series B1. significantly decreased the stirrup strain and ultimate strength of the beams when increased from 1.0 to 3.0.

Figure 6(b) shows the load stirrup strain curves of series B2. There is no significant difference in stirrup strain values among series B2, except for B2-5. The dune sand replacement ratio insignificantly decreased the stirrup strain and ultimate strength of the beams when the dune sand replacement ratio increased from 0% to 60%. However, when the dune sand replacement ratio increased from 60% to 80%, the stirrup strain of B2‐5 was significantly smaller than the other beams.

Figure 6(c) shows the load stirrup strain curves of series B3. There is significant difference in stirrup strain values among series B3. The stirrup ratio significantly increased the stirrup strain and ultimate strength of the beams when the stirrup ratio increased from 0.45% to 0.67%.

4. Discussion

4.1. Effect of on Shear Strength

For Series B1, when the stirrup ratio and dune sand replacement ratio were the same, the shear strengths of the beams decreased with the increase of , as shown in Figure 7. When the was 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0, compared with B1-1(), the shear strengths of the test beams decreased by 7.46%, 21.97%, 37.64%, and 41.10%, respectively. The phenomenon that the shear strengths of the beams decreased with the increase of was similar to the previous studies [39, 40].

4.2. Effect of Dune Sand Replacement Ratio on Shear Strength

For series B2, when the stirrup ratio and were the same, the shear strengths of the beams decreased with the increase of the dune sand replacement ratio, as shown in Figure 8. When the dune sand replacement ratio was 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%, compared with B2-1 (r=0%), the shear strengths of the test beams decreased by 4.79%, 6.19%, 6.72%, 6.80%, respectively. It indicated that the dune sand replacement ratio had insignificant influence on the shear strengths of the beams, and the results were consistent with the failure mode of beams of series B2. Therefore, it was feasible to use dune sand to replace normal sand to fabricate beams in regions of Xinjiang in China.

4.3. Effect of Stirrup Ratio on Shear Strength

For Series B3, when and dune sand replacement ratio were the same, the shear strengths of the beams increased with increasing stirrup ratio, as shown in Figure 9. When the stirrup ratio was 0.56% and 0.67%, compared with B3-1( r_sv=0.45% ), the shear strengths of the test beams increased by 12.02% and 18.51%, respectively. It indicated that the shear strengths of the beams increased with increasing stirrup ratio, and the phenomenon was similar to the previous studies [41, 42].

4.4. Comparison between the Measured Values and the Calculated Values by Current Design Codes

To date, no mathematical formula could be used as standard method to calculate the shear strength of DSC beams, so the formula in GB50010-2010 [36] was adopted, as shown in the following equation:where is the shear strength of the beam; is the shear force provided by the concrete; is the shear force provided by the stirrup; is the shear span-to-depth ratio; is the tensile strength of DSC; and are the width and the effective depth of beam; and are the yield strength and cross section area of stirrup; and is the stirrup spacing in the shear span.

The shear strengths of beams calculated by GB50010-2010 [36] and ACI318 [38] are shown in Table 6. It can be seen that the average ratio of is 1.167, and the average ratio of is 1.07. is the shear strength of test; is the shear strength calculated by ACI318 [38]. The results indicate that the shear strengths calculated by current design codes [36, 38] are not safe. Therefore, equation (1) needs to be modified.

The DSC was the main factor for changing the shear strength of concrete beam. Hence, the corresponding correction of could be made in equation (1) to make it more suitable for the shear calculation of desert sand concrete beam [43], as shown in the following equation:where is the modified shear strength of the beam; , , , , , , and are resistance coefficients of concrete, and they can be obtained by applying Origin2019 software for regression analysis; and is the dune sand replacement ratio.

When , , , , , , and , the average ratio of is 0.971, and the average ratio of is 0.922, as shown in Table 6. The results indicate that the shear strengths calculated by modified formula is safer, and the modified formula is consistent with the experimental results and ACI318 [38]. Consequently, the shear strength of DSC beams can be predicted by the modified formula in this paper. And the modified formula is

5. Conclusions

Based on the results of a survey conducted by the authors, the following conclusions were drawn:(1)The failure process and crack pattern of DSC beam was similar to that of ordinary concrete beam. When ≤ 1, the beam failed in diagonal shear; when 1.5 ≤ < 3.0, the beam failed in bending-shear; and when 3.0 ≤ , the beam failed in bending.(2)With the increase of , the ultimate strength and stirrup strain of DSC beams significantly decreased, and the damaged deflection significantly increased.(3)With the increase of dune sand replacement ratio, the ultimate strength and stirrup strain of DSC beams insignificantly decreased, and the damaged deflection insignificantly increased. However, the stirrup strain of B2-5 was significantly smaller than the other beams.(4)With the increase of stirrup ratio, the ultimate strength and stirrup strain of DSC beams significantly increased, and the damaged deflection insignificantly decreased. However, ultimate strength and damaged deflection of B3-3 were almost the same with those of B3-2.(5)The modified formula could be used to calculate the shear strength of DSC beams.(6)It was feasible to use DS to replace normal sand to fabricate beams in regions of Xinjiang in China.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 51668053).

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Copyright © 2020 Zhiqiang Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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