Potential of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Indicators for Nondestructive Testing of Concrete

Table 1

Third order elastic constants and nonlinear parameter determined for concrete and some other materials from literature.

	𝑙 (GPa)	𝑚 (GPa)	𝑛 (GPa)	𝛽
Iron [10, 15]	−348	−1 030	1 100	−7.3
Pyrex glass [10, 15]	14	92	420	4.4
Granite [15, 16]	−3 371	−6 742	−6 600	−441
Sandstone [15, 16]	−97 800	−99 400	−84 900	−9 600
Concrete from [17]	𝑛/𝑎	𝑛/𝑎	𝑛/𝑎	−139
Concrete (present)	−3 007 ± 2.8%	−2 283 ± 1.2%	−1 813 ± 3.4%	−157 ± 1.9%