Aerodynamic Performance of a Passive Pitching Model on Bionic Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles

<div>(a) Comparison between the two models of <svg height="9.39034pt" id="M172" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 6.54569 9.39034" width="6.54569pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M471 401C471 442 455 448 440 448C421 448 389 439 366 424C314 390 233 331 165 242H163L187 345C193 372 197 393 197 409C197 435 189 448 174 448C146 448 80 408 23 349L40 327C64 351 97 373 107 373C115 373 118 366 111 337L29 -4L36 -12C56 -4 83 3 110 9C123 69 136 126 150 172C227 283 336 381 377 381C392 381 396 370 379 298L326 74C290 -77 273 -172 273 -197C273 -219 316 -261 346 -261L353 -246C348 -227 352 -174 374 -66L457 310C467 352 471 381 471 401Z"></path></g></svg> versus <span class="nowrap"><svg height="15.0796pt" id="M173" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.8981 14.3733 15.0796" width="14.3733pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><rect height="0.65243" width="14.2737" x="0" y="-11.1958"></rect><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.619,3.132)"><path d="M567 167L534 181C505 122 482 94 454 70C428 46 385 42 330 42C288 42 248 44 235 55C216 70 213 91 220 130L295 528C310 609 314 611 401 618L409 650H140L131 618C222 611 224 609 209 528L133 126C118 47 108 41 25 33L18 0H497C514 33 554 126 567 167Z"></path></g></svg>.</span> (b) <svg height="15.0796pt" id="M174" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.8981 14.3733 15.0796" width="14.3733pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><rect height="0.65243" width="14.2737" x="0" y="-11.1958"></rect><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.619,3.132)"><path d="M567 167L534 181C505 122 482 94 454 70C428 46 385 42 330 42C288 42 248 44 235 55C216 70 213 91 220 130L295 528C310 609 314 611 401 618L409 650H140L131 618C222 611 224 609 209 528L133 126C118 47 108 41 25 33L18 0H497C514 33 554 126 567 167Z"></path></g></svg> and <svg height="15.0796pt" id="M175" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.8981 14.9305 15.0796" width="14.9305pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><rect height="0.65243" width="14.8309" x="0" y="-11.1958"></rect><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.619,3.132)"><path d="M622 479C622 589 545 650 400 650H146L140 618C229 609 230 602 215 527L135 132C117 43 112 41 27 32L18 0H305L313 32C213 40 205 44 222 132L251 284L324 262H365C484 269 622 333 622 479ZM528 477C528 356 420 305 344 305C300 305 276 314 259 321L303 554C311 597 313 600 331 606C345 611 361 614 379 614C463 614 528 580 528 477Z"></path></g></svg> as a function of <span class="nowrap"><svg height="9.49473pt" id="M176" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 6.66314 9.49473" width="6.66314pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M480 416C480 431 465 448 438 448C388 448 312 383 252 330C217 299 188 273 155 237H153L257 680C262 700 263 712 253 712C240 712 183 684 97 674L92 648L126 647C166 646 172 645 163 606L23 -6L29 -12C51 -5 77 2 107 8C115 62 130 128 142 180C153 193 179 220 204 241C231 170 259 106 288 54C317 0 336 -12 358 -12C381 -12 423 2 477 80L460 100C434 74 408 54 398 54C385 54 374 65 351 107C326 154 282 241 263 299C296 332 351 377 403 377C424 377 436 372 445 368C449 366 456 368 462 375C472 386 480 402 480 416Z"></path></g></svg>.</span></div>

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics

fig8

Figure 8

Figure 8: Aerodynamic Performance of a Passive Pitching Model on Bionic Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles 