Abstract
The insole shape and the resulting plantar stress distribution have a pivotal impact on overall health. In this paper, by Finite Element Method, maximum stress value and stress distribution of plantar were studied for different insoles designs, which are the flat surface and the custom-molded (conformal) surface. Moreover, insole thickness, heel’s height, and different materials were used to minimize the maximum stress and achieve the most uniform stress distribution. The foot shape and its details used in this paper were imported from online CT-Scan images. Results show that the custom-molded insole reduced maximum stress 40% more than the flat surface insole. Upon increase of thickness in both insole types, stress distribution becomes more uniform and maximum stress value decreases up to 10%; however, increase of thickness becomes ineffective above a threshold of 1 cm. By increasing heel height (degree of insole), maximum stress moves from heel to toes and becomes more uniform. Therefore, this scenario is very helpful for control of stress in 0.2° to 0.4° degrees for custom-molded insole and over 1° for flat insole. By changing the material of the insole, the value of maximum stress remains nearly constant. The custom-molded (conformal) insole which has 0.5 to 1 cm thickness and 0.2° to 0.4° degrees is found to be the most compatible form for foot.
1. Introduction
One of the reasons for foot pain is unnatural stress distribution [1], and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, inappropriate stress distribution contributes to elevated foot pain levels [2]. This problem could be easily avoided by utilizing suitable insoles. As a result, minimizing plantar pressure through determination of the proper thickness, heel’s height, and elasticity of material used in insoles has a pivotal importance.
The stress distribution on metatarsus area can be measured by experimental methods, such as pedobarography and F-scan [3]. Pedobarograph devices can measure the pressure distribution under the sole for different modes of walking [4]. Emerged in 1978, pedobarography determines the mean pressure and its distribution under the plantar and depicts graphs necessary in qualitative/quantitative analysis for marking the maximum and critical pressure [5]. However, this method is limited to determination of the pressure distribution between the plantar and the smooth surface of the pedograph and cannot be used to examine the pressure distribution on foot, upon using insoles. As a result, it cannot be used to study the pressure distribution in foot due to design of insoles with variable shapes and materials [4, 5].
The other experimental method is the F-scan which gives superior results as compared with the latter method. The F-scan systems are commonly used to provide dynamic pressure, force, and timing information for foot function and gait analysis using thin-film sensors [6]. Due to use of flexible, laminar, and sensitive sensors, which can be shaped to fit the foot surface, F-scan sensors can be embedded in insoles of variable designs and record the pressure in real time. Recent versions have become much more functional and are used to record the pressure distribution on foot under different modes of walking/running and in different races and genders [7]. F-Scan is also suitable for design and test of orthotics, offloading diabetic feet, and evaluation/modification of footwear and running techniques in elite athletes [6, 7]. Nevertheless, even the F-scan is unable to measure inner stress and pressure between soft tissue and bony tissue of the foot. As a result, it cannot provide a complete picture from the pressure distribution and its internal interactions on the elemental units of foot and cannot support delicate orthopedic studies for sustainable development of human health. Accordingly, experimental methods such as pedobarography and F-scan are not complete packages for design and analysis of stress on foot, especially, before the costly fabrication stage. Thus, there is a need for modeling and simulation packages, such as Finite Element Method (FEM), which let the biomedical designer acquire engineering insight into the impact of different parameters influencing the stress on foot, before the fabrication of insoles, and avoid the associated costs.
Recent development of computational capabilities along with the advancements in the Finite Element Analysis (FEA), as a numerical method, has created great implications for solving engineering problems, including stress distribution in foot. FEM is capable of filling the gap and calculating inner stress between the soft and bony tissue of foot and, as a result, is suitable for design of insoles. There are a number of studies on FEM analysis of stress distribution in foot, including improper stress distribution in patients suffering from walking disorder after cerebral accidents [8], stress distribution and equivalent stress in injured foot [9], and studying the effect of tendons on stress distribution [10]. In particular, the foot stress distribution with respect to the design and material of the insole has been examined by FEM, considering linear and elastic properties [11]. In addition, the effect of thickness were also considered using FEM and compared with experimental data [12]. However, to the best of our knowledge, the nonlinear, hyperelastic properties were not comprehensively examined, and as a result, the numerical results were not closely following the experimental outcomes.
In this paper, we demonstrate that changing insole designs are playing a major role in changing stress distributions and their magnitude in foot. We also show that stress values do not have the most significant impact and the stress distribution is equally important. We studied the influence of thickness, heel’s height, insole shape, and material on reducing the maximum stress exerted on foot. Moreover, we have quantitatively studied the trend, configuration of stress distribution, and its mechanism of variation in foot. In subsequent sections, we will first present the methodology and steps of data acquisition in our analysis. To improve and achieve a high conformity between the numerical simulation results and the experimental outcomes, a 3-dimensional, detailed model of the foot (skeleton) are imported into the FEM model, including the Bone Mineral Density (BDM) and the covering soft tissues. Next, the simulation method and its results will be presented along with verifications. Finally, we will examine the impact of variables considered and discuss the trends seen and general design guidelines.
2. Methods
FEM is used for analysis of the inner stress distribution between the soft and bony tissue. To provide valid and accurate input data for the FEM simulations, we need a 3D model of the foot with enough details from the foot (skeleton) and Bone Mineral Density (BDM). The insole was designed with CAD software, Especially in SolidWorks and to acquire an accurate model with nearly all details from the foot and the associated BDM, we have captured and then imported scanned images. The 3D model of foot and ankle had been prepared from CT-Scan images that are called DICOM standard format images, commonly used in medical photography and standing for “Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine” [15, 16]. 750 pictures are captured in three different orientations. These images were imported to MIMICS 10 software. Using this software, soft tissue was separated from bony tissue and became 3D independent models, with on demand transfer of mechanical properties. The output of MIMICS is a shell/hollow 3D model; as a result, it should be reshaped into a solid object before being exported into the FEM software and analysed. Models became solid with SolidWorks 2013 then they were assembled and were simulated with the help of SolidWorks Simulation 2013. The schematic of transferred (regenerated) 3D models in SolidWorks, representing the solid bony tissue, soft tissue, and insole, is shown in Figure 1.
In the analysis, 18 insoles were designed, in which 26 pieces of bones for foot and 2 bones for tibia and fibula were considered and modeled [17]. The soft tissue bears nonlinear hyperelastic properties, acquired from experimental tests, assuming an Ogden hyperelastic model [18]. However, linear elasticity was assumed for the bony tissue and insole and linear displacement with respect to stress in three orientations are considered. Bony tissue is granted full freedom for displacement. Tendons’ effects are embedded in the definition of forces and in the same direction of tendons. Mechanical properties were assumed homogeneous. Above assumptions are suitable for this comparative analysis. Materials properties are reported in Table 1 [11, 13, 14].
The element type was considered tetrahedral and the number of all assembled model elements are varying between 16000 and 25000 according to shape of insole. The weight of person was considered 70 Kg and static loading, and the race was Caucasian, Aryans. Moreover, half of whole weight force enters the foot in opposite direction by Achilles tendon [11]. Coefficient of friction between insole and foot was considered 0.6 [11]. Thickness and heel height are evaluated for 2000 MPa insole elasticity. Five thicknesses (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 2 cm) and three heel heights (3 degrees 0.25°, 0.5°, and 1°) for custom-molded (conformal) insole and three thicknesses (0.25, 0.5, and 1 cm) and four heel heights (4 degrees 0.25°, 0.5°, 1°, and 2°) for flat insole are examined. The custom-molded insole, or the conformal insole, has covered the whole foot such that it completely takes the format of the foot, covering/filling all the lumps and bumps of the foot, while the flat insole has a flat surface where foot interacts with the insole over a flat surface. Soft tissues were assumed homogeneous and Achilles tendon was considered only and other tendons and ligaments were neglected. Our results on the distribution of stress, its maximum, and uniformity have a high conformity with the experimental reports on the flat insole and the custom-molded design. In more detail, our simulation results on the maximum stress in the rear foot region (rear heel) have less than 5% of difference with the experimental results for a 4 mm thickness of flat insole. Moreover, all our simulation results are exhibiting the same trend as the experimentally published reports on the flat and the custom-molded insoles [12].
3. Results and Discussion
The shape of the insole greatly influences the maximum stress and its distribution. Figure 2 depicts the general stress distribution pattern on foot, drawn for comparison between the two type of insoles considered here, which are the custom-molded (Figure 2(a)) and flat (Figure 2(b)) insoles. The two insoles have the same thickness, elasticity, and degree. The custom-molded insole has lower maximum stress, which is 40% less than flat insole. The maximum stress in the flat insole is around 100 KPa while it is around 60 KPa in the custom-molded insole. Moreover, the custom-molded insole has a better (more uniform) stress distribution, as compared with the flat insole. In the latter case, the maximum stress on the heel region is 84% higher than maximum stress on the metatarsal, and in mid foot, their values range between 97 KPa and 52 KPa. On the other hand, in the custom-molded insole (conformal), the maximum stress on the heel region is only 4% higher than maximum stress on the metatarsal, which is presumably due to the more conformity of the insole with natural foot shape, in the custom-molded design. In other words, in the custom-molded design the insole has been shaped to support the foot in almost all directions and this will lead to a more uniform stress distribution and less maximum stress on foot.
(a)
(b)
The result for custom-molded insole in different thicknesses and different elasticities was computed and schematic was drawn in Figure 3. Upon increasing the thickness from 0.25 cm to 2 cm, the maximum stress in the heel decreases from 65.94 KPa to 60.87 KPa and for metatarsal increases from 52.136 KPa to 61.92 KPa. The figure presents the variation of maximum stress by changing the thickness for custom-molded insoles and it demonstrates that, above 0.75 cm, maximum stress remains relatively constant in all regions; as a result, the optimum thickness lies between 0.5 and 1 cm.
The result for flat insole in four different thicknesses and two different elasticities was drawn in Figure 4. By increasing the thickness from 0.25 cm to 1 cm, the maximum stress for heel region decreases from 100.1 KPa to 90.9 KPa and for metatarsal region increases from 1.36 KPa to 2.24 KPa. If maximum stress is decreased, stress distribution deviates from uniformity, according to Figure 4. The huge concentrated stress around 100 Kpa in heel region shows that stress is not well distributed in the flat insole. Moreover, the figure provides evidence that increase of thickness becomes ineffective above a certain threshold, around 0.75 cm. Accordingly, thicknesses between 0.5 and 0.75 cm are favorable.
Maximum stress is nearly independent of the insole materials, revealed from our simulation results. We have examined the effect of insole material and its impact on the maximum stress on different regions of foot for the custom-molded insole and for a typical 2 cm thickness of the insole. The results are summarized in Table 2. The table reports the simulations results for two typical high (very hard around the young module of bone) and low young (very soft insoles) modules of 2000 Mpa and 0.3 Mpa and shows all regions experiencing minor changes in the stress amount. This observation is due to the fact that the amount of stress experienced by foot is mainly a function of geometry and insole configuration with respect to foot, not the material of the insole.
In Figures 5 and 6, the maximum stress and its distribution schematics are plotted for custom-molded and flat insoles in 0.5 cm thickness and 2000 MPa elasticity with different insole degrees (heel heights). Increase of insole degree, or heel height, becomes harmful above 0.3° degrees, in the custom-molded design, demonstrated, respectively, in Figure 5. However, for the custom-molded design, in low degree insoles below 0.3°, it is useful to increase the insole degree as it reduces the maximum stress imposed on foot. The maximum stress in rear heel region decreases from 62.32 KPa to 51.42 KPa but in metatarsal increases from 53.69 KPa to 73.16 KPa, by increasing degree from 0° to 1°. According to Figure 5, it is recommended to use an optimized range of insole degrees to minimize stress values in every region of the foot. Results show that this desired degree is about 0.2° to 0.4° for custom-molded insole design.
For flat insole design, the maximum stress in heel region decreases from 96.291 KPa to 85.385 KPa but in metatarsal increases from 1.78 KPa to 2.06 KPa, by increasing degree from 0° to 2°. Figure 6 shows that increase of degree becomes harmful above a certain threshold but in low degrees it can be useful. Therefore, the results suggest utilizing the optimal range of insole degree to minimize stress values in every region of the foot. This desired degree is above 1° for flat insole design, revealed from simulation results.
4. Conclusion
In this paper, we have investigated the optimal range of insole design parameters through FEM modeling and simulation of plantar stress distribution, for the flat surface and the custom-molded surface insoles. Insole thickness, heel’s height, and different materials were used to determine the maximum stress and achieve the settings that yield the most uniform stress distribution. The detailed simulation was carried out for a typical 70 kg person importing the full details of the foot from CT-Scan images. Softer insoles had almost the same stress distribution and maximum stress values as harder insoles. The shape of insoles plays an important role in leveling the stress on foot and decreasing the maximum stress. Custom-molded insoles had considerably better stress distribution and much less maximum stress (around 40%) compared to flat insoles, which is very important in fabrication and selection of comfortable insoles. Increase of thickness makes the stress distribution more uniform and decreases the maximum stress value up to 10%, in both insole types. However, increase of thickness becomes ineffective over 0.75 cm thicknesses. By tiny increase of insole degree (heel height) from 0.2° to 0.4° for custom-molded insole and above 1° for flat insole, maximum stress value decreases at least 4% and stress distribution becomes more uniform. Upon further increase of insole degree, maximum stress moves from heel to metatarsal and by sequent elevations, maximum stress becomes critically high and this fact is not desired.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that there are no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (MSRT), Iran. The authors would like to acknowledge the products and services provided by MSRT that facilitated this research, including the CAD software.