An efficient micropropagation protocol has been developed for<i  > Marsilea quadrifolia</i> L. through direct organogenesis. The mature rhizomes were used as explants and successfully sterilized using 0.1&#x25; HgCl<sub  >2</sub> for the establishment of cultures. The multiple shoots were differentiated from the explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with 6-benzylaminopurin (BAP). Full strength MS medium was reported to be effective for the induction of sporophytes from the rhizomes after four weeks of inoculation. Maximum response (96&#x25;) with average of 6.2 shoots (2.72&#x2009;cm length) was achieved on full strength of MS medium augmented with 0.5&#x2009;mg/L BAP in culture initiation experiments. The cultures were further proliferated in clusters (<svg  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"   style="vertical-align:-0.3629799pt" id="M1" height="8.69876pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.33578 58.2665 8.69876" width="58.2665pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g50-56" d="M453 623H65C60 580 56 530 46 472H80C103 538 110 548 175 548H389C310 380 195 168 90 0L98 -12L175 -2C273 206 366 408 462 610L453 623Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.333,0)"><path id="g50-58" d="M247 635C116 635 39 518 39 421C39 315 113 237 221 237C239 237 258 241 281 253L349 289C315 140 204 42 60 19L66 -15C90 -15 153 -5 207 16C344 70 447 199 447 385C447 521 373 635 247 635ZM231 598C329 598 356 478 356 390C356 371 355 347 352 325C330 309 297 297 262 297C179 297 127 369 127 456C127 515 156 598 231 598Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,12.665,0)"><path id="g50-47" d="M117 -12C153 -12 178 12 178 50C178 84 153 110 118 110C84 110 59 84 59 50C59 12 84 -12 117 -12Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="237" vert-adv-y="237" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.746,0)"><path id="g50-49" d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.018,0)"><path id="g54-37" d="M556 297V350H337V548H275V350H56V297H275V85H337V297H556ZM556 -23V30H56V-23H556Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.901,0)"><path id="g50-49" d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.232,0)"><path id="g50-47" d="M117 -12C153 -12 178 12 178 50C178 84 153 110 118 110C84 110 59 84 59 50C59 12 84 -12 117 -12Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="237" vert-adv-y="237" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.313,0)"><path id="g50-52" d="M290 377C321 398 342 415 358 430C378 450 389 473 389 502C389 578 329 635 238 635H237C184 635 137 610 109 578L64 515L88 493C112 529 154 573 208 573S303 542 303 482C303 409 233 370 141 341L149 308C165 313 190 319 215 319C272 319 341 283 341 193C342 98 292 43 222 43C163 43 122 72 96 94C88 101 79 100 70 94C61 87 47 73 46 60C44 47 48 37 62 23C76 10 118 -12 165 -12C238 -12 430 62 430 223C430 297 379 359 290 375V377Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,51.644,0)"><path id="g50-56" d="M453 623H65C60 580 56 530 46 472H80C103 538 110 548 175 548H389C310 380 195 168 90 0L98 -12L175 -2C273 206 366 408 462 610L453 623Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g></svg> shoots per explant) with stunted growth on half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.25&#x2009;mg/L BAP after four weeks. These stunted shoots were elongated (5.30&#x2009;cm long) on half MS medium devoid of growth hormones. Root induction and proliferation (3.0&#x2013;4.0&#x2009;cm long) were observed after 4th subculture of sporophytes on hormone-free half strength MS medium. The rooted plantlets were hardened in the fern house for 4-5 weeks and transferred to the field with 92&#x25; survival rate. There were no observable differences in between<i  > in vivo</i> grown and<i  > in vitro</i> propagated plantlets in the field.

Mahipal S. Shekhawat

M. Manokari

Direct Organogenesis from Rhizome Explants in<i> Marsilea quadrifolia</i> L.: A Threatened Fern Species

The<i> Vipera albicornuta</i> is an economically important snake of Iran, its venom is used for antivenin production, and we need to breed the snake in the captivity. In order to know about the viper&#x2019;s reproductive biology, seasonal alterations in ovarian weight, morphology, and the follicles developmental stages in<i> Vipera albicornuta</i> were studied using macroscopic parameters and histological examination of reproductive tissues during a year. Twenty-four female vipers were collected from mountainous zone of Bostanabad, East Azerbaijan, and Tarom in Zanjan through years 2011-2012. Evaluation of the reproductive parameters of this viper is performed for the first time in Iran. Our observation revealed that vitellogenesis cycle begins in autumn and continues till early summer; ovaries and follicles are in previtellogenesis stage in autumn and vitellogenesis in winter and during spring. Weight of ovary is heaviest in spring, ovulation occurs in late spring till early summer, and copulation is prior to ovulation.

Nousha Afsharzadeh

Abdolhossein Shiravi

Fatemeh Todehdehghan

Seasonal Changes in Ovarian Follicle Growth in Iran Viper (<i>Vipera albicornuta</i>)

<i  >Henipavirus</i> is an emerging, zoonotic, and lethal RNA virus comprising <i  >Hendra virus</i> (<i  >HeV</i>) and <i  >Nipah virus</i> (<i  >NiV</i>), to which fruit bats are reservoir. Husbandry practices in Nigeria allow close contact between bat reservoir and animals susceptible to <i  >Henipavirus</i>. This cross-sectional survey investigated antibodies reactive to <i  >Henipavirus</i> sG antigen and associated risk factors in horses and pigs in Zaria, Nigeria. Using convenience sampling, 510 sera from horses (<svg  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"   style="vertical-align:-0.2063894pt" id="M1" height="8.54217pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.33578 41.1683 8.54217" width="41.1683pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g50-111" d="M504 89L488 119C453 85 428 69 416 69C408 69 405 75 412 102L462 304C492 438 460 451 436 451S388 441 356 423C311 397 229 336 170 256H168L189 340C208 418 200 451 177 451C144 451 82 413 24 352L40 322C65 345 98 369 108 369C114 369 119 363 112 335L28 -3L36 -12C54 -3 83 4 112 10C125 73 138 122 153 174C205 258 328 382 376 382C395 382 399 369 384 305L330 93C312 25 323 -12 351 -12C378 -12 439 21 504 89Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="512" vert-adv-y="512" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.332,0)"><path id="g54-34" d="M556 331V384H55V331H556ZM556 140V193H55V140H556Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.95,0)"><path id="g50-51" d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.281,0)"><path id="g50-49" d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.612,0)"><path id="g50-49" d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g></svg>) and pigs (<svg  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"   style="vertical-align:-0.2063894pt" id="M2" height="8.54217pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.33578 41.1683 8.54217" width="41.1683pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g50-111" d="M504 89L488 119C453 85 428 69 416 69C408 69 405 75 412 102L462 304C492 438 460 451 436 451S388 441 356 423C311 397 229 336 170 256H168L189 340C208 418 200 451 177 451C144 451 82 413 24 352L40 322C65 345 98 369 108 369C114 369 119 363 112 335L28 -3L36 -12C54 -3 83 4 112 10C125 73 138 122 153 174C205 258 328 382 376 382C395 382 399 369 384 305L330 93C312 25 323 -12 351 -12C378 -12 439 21 504 89Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="512" vert-adv-y="512" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.332,0)"><path id="g54-34" d="M556 331V384H55V331H556ZM556 140V193H55V140H556Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.95,0)"><path id="g50-52" d="M290 377C321 398 342 415 358 430C378 450 389 473 389 502C389 578 329 635 238 635H237C184 635 137 610 109 578L64 515L88 493C112 529 154 573 208 573S303 542 303 482C303 409 233 370 141 341L149 308C165 313 190 319 215 319C272 319 341 283 341 193C342 98 292 43 222 43C163 43 122 72 96 94C88 101 79 100 70 94C61 87 47 73 46 60C44 47 48 37 62 23C76 10 118 -12 165 -12C238 -12 430 62 430 223C430 297 379 359 290 375V377Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.281,0)"><path id="g50-50" d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.612,0)"><path id="g50-49" d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g></svg>) were screened by an indirect <i  >Henipavirus</i> enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (CSIRO, Australia). Structured questionnaires were employed with questions on the demographics and management of the animals. Data were analysed using SPSS-17. 5. Seroprevalence was higher for horses managed intensively (21.1&#x25;); used for sports (25.5&#x25;); watered with pipe borne water (17.9&#x25;); fed commercial feed (22.3&#x25;); and fed in the pen (17.6&#x25;). Seroprevalence was higher for pigs managed intensively (58.1&#x25;); imported (69.5&#x25;); watered with pipe-borne water (31.3&#x25;); fed commercial feed (57.4&#x25;); fed in the pen (23.4&#x25;), and fed with feed prestored in a feed house (49.5&#x25;). Horses &#x3C;5 years and pigs &#x3C;6 months had higher seroprevalences of 18.1&#x25; and 21.3&#x25;, while the female horses and pigs had seroprevalences of 19.8&#x25; and 22.8&#x25;, respectively. Exotic horses and pigs revealed 25.5&#x25; and 55&#x25; and horses in Igabi and pigs in Giwa revealed 24.7&#x25; and 70.2&#x25; seroprevalence, respectively (<svg  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"   style="vertical-align:-0.7022505pt" id="M3" height="9.29899pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.59674 45.6962 9.29899" width="45.6962pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g50-81" d="M622 479C622 589 545 650 400 650H146L140 618C229 609 230 602 215 527L135 132C117 43 112 41 27 32L18 0H305L313 32C213 40 205 44 222 132L251 284L324 262H365C484 269 622 333 622 479ZM528 477C528 356 420 305 344 305C300 305 276 314 259 321L303 554C311 597 313 600 331 606C345 611 361 614 379 614C463 614 528 580 528 477Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="640" vert-adv-y="640" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.766,0)"><path id="g54-91" d="M530 -6V57L144 261V263L530 468V530L81 290V234L530 -6Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,23.385,0)"><path id="g50-49" d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.716,0)"><path id="g50-47" d="M117 -12C153 -12 178 12 178 50C178 84 153 110 118 110C84 110 59 84 59 50C59 12 84 -12 117 -12Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="237" vert-adv-y="237" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.797,0)"><path id="g50-49" d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.128,0)"><path id="g50-54" d="M158 548H390L417 615L410 623H122L83 318C105 326 143 337 185 337C296 337 350 275 350 188C350 116 308 42 225 42C164 42 122 74 100 93C90 101 82 99 72 92C60 82 51 68 50 59C48 46 52 38 66 24C82 9 125 -12 172 -12C225 -11 292 15 346 59C408 108 437 166 437 226C437 309 371 397 242 397C214 397 170 382 133 369L158 548Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487" /></g></svg>). There is a suggestive evidence of <i  >Henipavirus</i> in horses and pigs in Zaria, Nigeria, with a huge public health implication. Local and exotic pigs and horses, pigs in Zaria and Sabon-Gari, and horses in Zaria, Sabon-Gari, and Kaduna North are associated with the seroprevalence of henipaviruses.

Olaolu T. Olufemi

Jarlath U. Umoh

Asabe A. Dzikwi

Yemisi O. Olufemi

Serological Evidence of <i>Henipavirus</i> among Horses and Pigs in Zaria and Environs in Kaduna State, Nigeria

<i>Mussaenda roxburghii</i> are very important ethnomedicinal plant, used for its various applications from the ancient period. The role of their associated plant beneficial endophytic bacteria was evaluated, which were previously untapped. Among the isolates, PAK6 was identified as efficient phosphate solubilizer, quantified by the molybdenum blue method. Four isolates PAK1, PAK2, PAK3, and PAK8 were able to synthesize significant level of IAA in the presence and absence of tryptophan. Isolates PAK1 and PAK9 were able to produce siderophore on CAS agar media, PAK2 and PAK9 were able to produce HCN, and PAK7 and PAK8 were able to grow on N2-free medium. All the isolates were able to produce a moderate level of polysaccharide and tolerate up to 10&#x25; of NaCl. Isolates PAK3, PAK6, PAK7, and PAK8 were able to grow well at pH 5.0 and isolates PAK2, PAK7, and PAK8 were able to tolerate 600&#x2009;<i>&#x3bc;</i>g&#x2009;mL<sup>&#x2212;1</sup> of Al<sup>+3</sup>, while all the isolates except PAK1 showed a tolerance to 600&#x2009;<i>&#x3bc;</i>g&#x2009;mL<sup>&#x2212;1</sup> of Mn<sup>+2</sup> tested. Endophytic bacterial isolates PAK6 and PAK9 were effective against<i> Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> and<i> Sclerotium rolfsii</i>.

Pramod Kumar Pandey

Ramkrishna Samanta

Raj Narain Singh Yadav

Plant Beneficial Endophytic Bacteria from the Ethnomedicinal<i> Mussaenda roxburghii</i> (Akshap) of Eastern Himalayan Province, India

<i>Hibiscus sabdariffa</i> L. has been used traditionally as herbal medicine and has been documented to have a broad range of therapeutic effects. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic administration of aqueous extract of flowers of <i>Hibiscus sabdariffa</i> on the histology of the kidney and some biochemical indices of renal function in male Wistar rats. Twenty (20) Wistar rats were randomly divided into four (4) groups of five rats each. The extract was administered orally in doses 200, 500, and 800&#x2009;mg/kg body weight for 21 days. The kidney was harvested and processed histologically and blood samples were taken for biochemical assays. The histological results showed dose dependent pathological states and the biochemical analysis revealed a dose dependant variation in renal indices. These results suggest that chronic administration of aqueous extract of <i>Hibiscus sabdariffa</i> may be toxic to the kidney.

U. U. Ukoha

S. I. Mbagwu

G. U. Ndukwe

C. Obiagboso

Histological and Biochemical Evaluation of the Kidney following Chronic Consumption of <i>Hibiscus sabdariffa</i>

Topical application of growth factors is known to aid defective and/or delayed wound healing in diabetic patients. In this study, the effect of topical application of sodium butyrate (Na-Bu), EGF, and PDGF-BB was analysed on the acute cutaneous wound healing in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mouse model. Two cutaneous wounds were created, one on each of the dorsolateral sides of the diabetic mice. Na-Bu, EGF, and PDGF-BB were applied to the wound either individually or in various combinations. The wound healing was monitored visually and scored as percentage wound closure. The tissue samples were collected from the wound site at 1, 7, and 14 days after wounding from the treated and untreated diabetic wounds and analysed for the levels of EGF-R, <i>&#x3b2;</i>-PDGF-R, HDAC1, p21, and phosphorylated and hypophosphorylated pRb proteins. Our results indicate that application of EGF plus PDGF-BB at the initial stages followed by subsequent addition of Na-Bu along with these growth factors helps wound healing in diabetic mice. It appears that, in addition to cell proliferative agents, a cell differentiation agent, Na-Bu, is necessary for diabetic wound healing. Topical application of EGF plus PDGF-BB along with Na-Bu could be developed as therapeutic agents to treat and manage human diabetic wounds.

Rohini Keshava

Rajalakshmi Gope

Sodium Butyrate Plus EGF and PDGF-BB Aids Cutaneous Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice

The main environmental source for skin damage is ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Many adverse effects have been recognized as the result of prolonged cutaneous exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation, such as erythema, edema, apoptosis, hyperplastic responses, photo-aging, and skin cancer development. Green tea provides photo-protection against UV radiation through many mechanisms including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of green tea in reducing epidermal thickness on mouse&#x2019;s skin exposed to UVB irradiation. Thirty mice (<i  >Mus musculus</i> species, BALB/c strain) underwent this study and were divided into 3 groups: control group (<svg  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"   style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M1" height="8.55521pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 34.1002 8.55521" width="34.1002pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-111" d="M495 86L479 114C446 82 419 66 409 66C401 66 401 72 406 97C420 166 436 231 453 297C489 435 454 448 428 448C406 448 384 439 354 422C305 394 222 327 161 247H159L183 345C200 415 194 448 173 448C143 448 82 410 23 351L38 325C64 349 95 371 105 371C111 371 116 365 109 336L25 -4L31 -12C50 -4 77 3 107 9C119 69 132 122 145 168C197 254 321 381 370 381C387 381 393 374 378 305L329 95C309 17 320 -12 345 -12C372 -12 430 19 495 86Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="502" vert-adv-y="502" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.158,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.421,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.661,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" /></g></svg> mice), without UVB exposure and green tea administration; exposure group (<svg  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"   style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M2" height="8.55521pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 34.1002 8.55521" width="34.1002pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-111" d="M495 86L479 114C446 82 419 66 409 66C401 66 401 72 406 97C420 166 436 231 453 297C489 435 454 448 428 448C406 448 384 439 354 422C305 394 222 327 161 247H159L183 345C200 415 194 448 173 448C143 448 82 410 23 351L38 325C64 349 95 371 105 371C111 371 116 365 109 336L25 -4L31 -12C50 -4 77 3 107 9C119 69 132 122 145 168C197 254 321 381 370 381C387 381 393 374 378 305L329 95C309 17 320 -12 345 -12C372 -12 430 19 495 86Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="502" vert-adv-y="502" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.158,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.421,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.661,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" /></g></svg> mice), which were exposed to UVB light only; and treatment group (<svg  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"   style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M3" height="8.55521pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 34.1002 8.55521" width="34.1002pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-111" d="M495 86L479 114C446 82 419 66 409 66C401 66 401 72 406 97C420 166 436 231 453 297C489 435 454 448 428 448C406 448 384 439 354 422C305 394 222 327 161 247H159L183 345C200 415 194 448 173 448C143 448 82 410 23 351L38 325C64 349 95 371 105 371C111 371 116 365 109 336L25 -4L31 -12C50 -4 77 3 107 9C119 69 132 122 145 168C197 254 321 381 370 381C387 381 393 374 378 305L329 95C309 17 320 -12 345 -12C372 -12 430 19 495 86Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="502" vert-adv-y="502" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.158,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.421,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.661,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" /></g></svg> mice), which were exposed to UVB light and treated with 1&#x2009;mL of green tea through oral gavage. Mice from both groups (exposure and treatment) were subjected to UVB irradiation 4 days/week (20 minutes/day, 4 weeks). It concluded that oral administration of green tea was provided photo-protection against UVB induced hyperplasia; therefore, it can be regarded as a natural alternative for photo-protection.

Snur M. A. Hassan

Adel J. Hussein

Azad K. Saeed

Role of Green Tea in Reducing Epidermal Thickness upon Ultraviolet Light-B Injury in BALB/c Mice

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Advances in Biology

Table of Contents

Table of Contents: 2015

Direct Organogenesis from Rhizome Explants in Marsilea quadrifolia L.: A Threatened Fern Species

Seasonal Changes in Ovarian Follicle Growth in Iran Viper (Vipera albicornuta)

Serological Evidence of Henipavirus among Horses and Pigs in Zaria and Environs in Kaduna State, Nigeria

Plant Beneficial Endophytic Bacteria from the Ethnomedicinal Mussaenda roxburghii (Akshap) of Eastern Himalayan Province, India

Histological and Biochemical Evaluation of the Kidney following Chronic Consumption of Hibiscus sabdariffa

Sodium Butyrate Plus EGF and PDGF-BB Aids Cutaneous Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice

Role of Green Tea in Reducing Epidermal Thickness upon Ultraviolet Light-B Injury in BALB/c Mice