Abstract
We study the structure of the seismic radiation in the far field produced by an explosive column. Using an asymptotic solution for the far field of vibration (Heelan’s solution), we find analytical expressions to the peak particle velocity (PPV) diagrams. These results are extended to the case of a charge with finite velocity of detonation.
1. Introduction
The radiation of elastic waves produced by a cylindrical charge in a borehole has important applications in seismic exploration, mining geophysics, and blast vibration prediction. Today it is a well-known fact that, in the blasting engineering, the curves of blasting vibration in the near field and the far field show that vibration amplitudes induced by P wave and S wave are generally in the same magnitude, so the effect of S wave could not be ignored.
A pioneering theoretical work is that developed by Heelan (1953) [1, 2], where he study the radiation from a cylindrical source of finite length, the walls of which are subjected to symmetric lateral and tangential stresses. His papers were credited with demonstrating the generation of shear waves by artificial sources in a borehole; at the time this was a fundamentally surprising result. Subsequently, several authors have been making improvements to the results of Heelan, principally by Jordan [3], Hazebroek [4], and Abo-Zena [5]. One of the main advantages of the Heelan solution is its algebraic simplicity and clear physical interpretation, which allows easy implementation in more complex models.
An exact analytical solution of the problem solved by Heelan [2] was developed by Meredith [6]; Meredith et al. [7] and Meredith et al. [8] analyze the exact full-field solution for the axisymmetric wave radiation caused by any time-varying pressure load source acting over a finite length of a borehole. Tubman [9] and Tubman et al. [10] derive a general expression for the dispersion relations and the impulse response of a radially layered borehole.
Blair and Minchinton [11] analyze the near field of vibration from an explosive column; Blair [12] makes a comparison between Heelan solution and exact solutions for seismic radiation from a short cylindrical charge. Analytical solutions for describing Mach waves produced by infinitely long explosive columns were studied by Rossmanith and Kouzniak [13]. Blair [14] studied the blast vibration dependence on charge length, velocity of detonation, and layered media. Triviño et al. [15] studied seismic radiation patterns from cylindrical explosive charges by analytical and combined finite-discrete element methods. Kumar et al. [16] analyze the blast-induced ground vibration equations for rocks using mechanical and geological properties. Lee and Balch [17] generalize the results of Heelan to a fluid-filled borehole. The interaction between two adjacent blast holes has been studied by Yi et al. [18]. Triviño et al. [19] have studied the seismic waveforms from explosive sources located in boreholes and initiated in different directions. Using the Heelan results, Chen et al. [20] have studied the influence of millisecond time, charge length, and detonation velocity on blasting vibration.
In this work we study the structure of the seismic radiation in the far field produced by an explosive column. Using an asymptotic solution for the far field of vibration (Heelan’s solution), we find analytical expressions to the peak particle velocity (PPV) diagrams. The analysis is extended to the case of a charge with finite velocity of detonation, obtaining a first correction to the Heelan’s solution in the case of finite VOD. The results are compared with those existing in the literature.
2. Mathematical Model
2.1. Short Cylindrical Charge (Heelan’s Solution)
Consider a cylindrical explosive charge length and radius , centered at the origin of coordinates and embedded in an infinite elastic medium (Figure 1). The vertical walls of this cylinder are subjected to stresses which are symmetric about the vertical axis, uniform in the sense that they have the same instantaneous value at all points, and finite in time duration.
It has been shown (Heelan 1953) that for a pressure transient acting on the walls of a short section of an infinitely long cylindrical hole of radius , the far field radial and tangential displacements areTo simplify the notation we will define the coefficients and :where is the total length of the loaded section of the cylinder, is the polar angle measured from the cylinder’s axis, is the distance to the observer, and are the shear and compressional wave speeds in the medium, and and are the rock’s rigidity and density, respectively. In this analysis, the source pressure function is based on the experimental data of Grady et al. [21] and Larson [22] and is given bywhere “” is the Euler’s constant, is the von Neumann borehole pressure at the detonation front produced by the explosive, is the Heaviside unit step function, is an integer, and is a pressure decay parameter. The values of the parameter are in the range of 3 to 9.
Equations (1) show that, in the far field, radial and tangential displacements travel as waves in the solid (S wave and P wave), with speeds and , respectively, where . Another important feature of the solution of Heelan is the angular variation of the amplitude of the radiated and waves, where the displacement induced by shear wave could be larger than that caused by wave. Figure 2 shows the angular distribution of and waves.
You can see that there are regions where the P waves dominate over the waves and vice versa. Clearly the S waves predominate around , with The P waves predominate around . The region where the P waves predominate over waves can be estimated from the relationship ; thenThis equation leads to the following expression:where . The angular widths for windows radiation P waves are given bywhere the parameters are given by Figure 3 shows the angular width for the P wave radiation as a function of the parameter ; it can be seen that the angular aperture for the radiation field of P waves in general is less than that of waves, which shows the importance of waves in the fracture process material by detonating cylindrical explosive charges.
2.2. Particle Velocity
The velocity time histories and predicted by the Heelan solution for the pressure function equation areThe particle velocity is defined as , In general, (9) is a complex function of the coordinates and time, but we will see that it may be susceptible to considerable simplifications given the angular structure discussed above.
Besides, P wave and wave produced by blasting will separate gradually because of their velocity differences when the distance from measured point to blasting source increases. Another important aspect is that the width of the wave fronts are given approximately by and for P wave and wave, respectively. Thus, the Heelan model shows that the P wave and the wave do not overlap in time.
Figure 4 shows the advancing wave fronts as a function of time and the spatial coordinates. The values of the parameters used are m/s, m/s, m, and three different values of the parameter .
It can be seen that as the value of the parameter increases, the width of the wave fronts decrease, making more evident uncoupling between the P and waves. However, the angular distribution of the radiation remains intact following the distribution given by (4). Another important aspect is that the regions near the axis of the explosive charge, vibration induced by the explosive charge, are very low; this feature is also explained by (4), where the angular opening for waves in this region is very small.
2.3. The Peak Particle Velocity
The peak particle velocity is given byAs demonstrated above, the wave and the wave do not overlap in time. Thus, the peak particle velocity can be expressed approximately as follows:Note that the maximum value of peak particle velocity in time depends only on the maximum value of the function ; that is,where is a numerical value that depends on , for .
Finally, taking into account the above considerations, the following approximate expression for the PPV is obtained:Figure 5 shows the PPV diagrams numerically obtained from (10) (continuous line) compared with the analytic solution (13) (dashed line). You can see that the analytical solution predicts quite well the numerical results, showing that this analytical solution allows a useful tool for simple and rapid assessments under field conditions.
3. Large Cylindrical Charge
In the case when the length () of the cylindrical charge is not small, the angular distribution of the velocity field is very different from the case of a charge of small length. Mainly because when , the detonation of the explosive cannot be considered instant and it becomes necessary to consider the finite velocity of detonation VOD. A large cylindrical charge can be modeled as a superposition of an array of Heelan’s elements considering a delay time for the detonation of each element (Figure 6). The length of each element is defined as .
3.1. Particle Velocity
The field generated by the superposition of the charges is given bywhere the field generated by the th charge located in position is given bywith Figure 7 shows the advancing wave fronts as a function of time and the spatial coordinates. The values of the parameters used are m/s, m/s, m, and three different values of the parameter . From Figure 7 it can be seen that (14) reproduces well the fronts of and waves, where cones formed by these fronts are appreciated. For smaller times , represented fronts coincide quite well with those found by Rossmanith and Kouzniak [13].
3.2. The Peak Particle Velocity
In this case, the peak particle velocity is given byFigure 8 shows the PPV diagrams numerically obtained from (17). The values of the parameters used are m/s and m/s. To analyze the effect of the charge length and attenuation coefficient on the PPV diagrams, three different values for these parameters were considered. The results show that, for moderate charge lengths ( m) and moderates values of , the PPV diagrams (Figure 8(a)) are very similar to those delivered by Heelan solution for a charge of small length. As gamma increases (at constant ), the symmetry of the PPV diagrams with respect to the plane is broken, showing a higher intensity of vibration in opposite to the initiation of detonation regions (Figures 8(b)-8(c)). The same effect is found if is kept fixed and the value of the length of the load increases (Figures 8(e)–8(h)), which shows that there is a relationship between and governing structure diagrams PPV.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
3.3. Approximate Analytical Solution
To find an analytical solution of the field of vibration, we can take the following approach in the far field:In the case , the field generated by the th charge located in position is given byIntroducing ((18)-(19)) into (14), it is not difficult to show that the fields of vibration can be approximated byFinally, the following expressions for the velocity fields are found:In the limit and , the following expression is obtained:Figure 9 shows the angular distribution of and waves in the case of finite velocity of detonation VOD obtained from (22), where dashed line represented Heelan’s solution and continuous line represented the case of VOD finite.
The velocity field obtained from (22) is identical to that of Heelan, except for the geometric factor: . This geometric factor represents a first correction to Heelan’s solution in the case of finite length of the explosive and finite VOD. In the case , the velocity field is reduced to the solution of Heelan.
4. Conclusions
This paper demonstrates that the seismic radiation in the far field produced by an explosive column of finite length can be modeled by overlapping of asymptotic solutions in the far field of vibration (Heelan’s solution); the results agree quite well with exact solutions [12, 13]. The asymptotic solutions found in this work allow reducing the calculation time and facilitating the understanding of the phenomena of vibration in the elastic medium. In addition, it is shown that the geometry and structure of the peak particle velocity (PPV) diagrams depend strongly on the parameters and . The asymptotic model developed in this paper can be extended to more complex problems, such as the interaction between two or more columns of explosives.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.