Morphometry of the Orbit in East-European Population Based on Three-Dimensional CT Reconstruction

Table 3

The most probable safe distances of the orbit according to deferent authors AVG-3 STD mm.

Study		Rontal	McQueen	Danko	Hwang	Karakas	Nitek		Ji		Fetouh		Nitek
Specimens		Dry skulls	Cadaveric	Cadaveric	Dry skulls	Dry skulls	Dry skulls		CT		Dry skulls		CT
Number		48	54	16	82	62	189		64		104		100
Date		1979	1995	1998	1999	2002	2009		2010		2014		2015 (current paper)
Ethnicity		Indian	US	US	Korean	Male; Caucasian	Caucasian medieval		Chinese		Egyptian		Caucasian
Safe distances							Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Medial quadrate	Anterior lacrimal crest to optic canal	30,0	29,0	39,9	25,7	32,4	33,1	31,9	38,4	37,2	41,4	36,4	32,1	32,8
Inferior quadrate	Infraorbital foramen to optic canal	37,0	39,0	30,7	NA	40,7	39,8	38,9	39,9	38,5	46,8	45,2	36,5	35,6
Superior quadrate	Supraorbital foramen to optic canal	35,0	38,0	39,3	NA	35,7	40,0	38,3	44,3	44,0	43,1	40,2	36,9	36,3
	Supraorbital foramen to superior orbital fissure	30,0	NA	NA	32,5	34,9	33,7	31,7	NA	NA	40,1	39,8	30,5	29,8
Lateral quadrate	Frontozygomatic suture to optic canal	NA	36,0	29,3	NA	37,4	40,0	38,4	40,9	40,2	37,5	34,2	38,0	37,4
	Frontozygomatic suture to superior orbital fissure	25,0	NA	NA	26,2	26,9	28,0	25,4	NA	NA	33,5	34,2	24,1	23,7

In current paper we measure distance between zygomaticomaxillar suture and the optic canal instead of the infraorbital foramen.
Rontal used the distance between infraorbital foramen and posterior wall of the maxillary sinus for the inferior quadrate’s safe distance. Whenever we add to this diameter mean distance between the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus from the optic canal (12 mm), we gain comparable similar results of other authors [15].
NA: dimensions were not measured.
McQueen studied 54 single sided orbit; safe distances to the optic nerve were identified by subtracting 5 mm from the shortest measured specimen.